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Modification of Turbulence at the Air-Sea Interface Due to the Presence of Surfactants and Implications for Gas Exchange. Part II: Numerical Simulations
Silvia Matt, Atsushi Fujimara, Alexander Soloviev, and Shin Hyung Rhee
We conducted high-resolution non-hydrostatic numerical simulations to study the effect of surfactants on near-surface turbulence. Laboratory experiments at the UM RSMAS ASIST facility presented in a companion paper report a reduction of turbulence below the air-sea interface and an increase of the surface drift velocity in the presence of surfactants. We implement the effect of surfactants as a rheological, viscoelastic boundary condition at the surface. Our numerical experiments are consistent with the results of the laboratory experiments. We also simulated the effect of surfactants on the temperature difference across the thermal molecular sublayer (cool skin) and on gas transfer velocity. The numerical simulations demonstrate an increase in the temperature difference across the cool skin and reduction of the gas transfer velocity in the presence of surfactant. The results also reveal the effect of surfactants on the different types of molecular sublayers (viscous, thermal and diffusion), which is important for the development of proper parameterization of the interfacial component of air-sea gas exchange under low and moderate wind speed conditions.
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Remote Sensing and Global Environment Change
Samuel J. Purkis and Victor V. Klemas
Remote Sensing plays a key role in monitoring the various manifestations of global climate change. It is used routinely in the assessment and mapping of biodiversity over large areas, in the monitoring of changes to the physical environment, in assessing threats to various components of natural systems, and in the identification of priority areas for conservation.
This book presents the fundamentals of remote sensing technology, but rather than containing lengthy explanations of sensor specifications and operation, it concentrates instead on the application of the technology to key environmental systems. Each system forms the basis of a separate chapter, and each is illustrated by real world case studies and examples.
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Coral Reefs in the Mariana Islands
Bernhard Riegl
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic/Caribbean
Bernhard Riegl
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Coral Reefs in the Persian/Arabian Gulf
Bernhard Riegl and Samuel J. Purkis
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Adaptation and Sunshine State: Nature and Nostalgia in Contemporary Florida Films
Marlisa Santos
The representation of Southerners on film has been a topic of enduring interest and debate among scholars of both film and Southern studies. This collection of 15 essays examines the problem of Southern identity in film since the civilrights era. Fresh insights are provided on such familiar topics as the redneck image, transitions to modernity and the prevalence of the Southern gothic. Other essays reflect the reinvigorated and expanding field of new Southern studies and topics include the transnational South, the intersection of ethnicity and environment and the cultural significance of Southern identity outside the South.
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The Dark Mirror: Psychiatry and Film Noir
Marlisa Santos
The Dark Mirror: Psychiatry and Film Noir probes the meanings behind the depiction of psychiatry and psychological illness in film noir, and how these depictions contribute to an overall understanding about the noir cycle itself. In this study, Marlisa Santos examines the role that the popularization of psychoanalysis in the 1940s and 1950s, beginning with the use of psychoanalytic techniques to treat World War II soldiers, had on writers and filmmakers of noir. This popularization had a lasting effect on American culture, especially as ideas such as introspection and a morally neutral universe became status quo, and thereby became reflected in the noir series. The films analyzed in this study reveal a distillation of such ideas, a bringing to the surface concerns and fears regarding the contradictory, yet thrilling nature of psychoanalysis: the ability of a 'science of the mind' to eliminate the mysteries of the human psyche and the simultaneous nature of this science to expose the fundamental unknowability of the human psyche. Indeed, Santos argues that noir itself might not have existed without the introduction of psychoanalysis into American culture.
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Modification of Turbulence at the Air-Sea Interface Due to the Presence of Surfactants and Implications for Gas Exchange. Part I: Laboratory Experiment
Alexander Soloviev, S. Matt, Mikhail Gilman, H. Huhnerfuss, Brian K. Haus, D. Jeong, I. Savelyev, and Mark A. Donelan
The air-sea gas transfer of gases like CO2 is substantiallydetermined bythe properties of the aqueous diffusion sublayer and free-surface turbulent boundarylayer. Little is known about the effect of surfactants on turbulence in the near-surface layer of the ocean. In order to investigate the effect of surfactants on turbulent exchanges below the air-sea interface, we have conducted a series of laboratoryexperiments at the UM RSMAS Air-Sea Interaction Saltwater Tank (ASIST) facility. Results from these experiments demonstrate that the surfactant monolayer suppresses turbulence and reduces drag below the water surface and increases the surface drift velocity. This effect is important for parameterization of the interfacial component of gas exchange under low wind speed conditions. From the theoretical standpoint, the mechanism of the turbulence reduction can be explained bythe modification of the “streaks” in the buffer zone near the interface byvisco-elastic properties of the water surface when surfactants are present. These findings are consistent with results from high-resolution non-hydrostatic numerical simulations presented in a companion paper.
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Matrix Theory: Basic Results and Techniques
Fuzhen Zhang
The aim of this book is to concisely present fundamental ideas, results, and techniques in linear algebra and mainly matrix theory. The book contains ten chapters covering various topics ranging from similarity and special types of matrices to Schur complements and matrix normality. This book can be used as a textbook or a supplement for a linear algebra and matrix theory class or a seminar for senior undergraduate or graduate students. The book can also serve as a reference for instructors and researchers in the fields of algebra, matrix analysis, operator theory, statistics, computer science, engineering, operations research, economics, and other fields.
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Delineating and Quantifying Depositional Facies Patterns of Modern Carbonate Sand Deposits on Great Bahama Bank
Paul Mitch Harris, James Ellis, and Samuel J. Purkis
SEPM Short Course #54
Delineating and Quantifying Depositional Facies Patterns. Processed satellite images, derived bathymetry (Digital Elevation Models), and sand body interpretation maps of three key areas of modern carbonate sand deposition on Great Bahama Bank (GBB) are organized into a GIS to develop morphometric data. The results of the sand body and sandbar interrogation imply that certain architectural properties of high-energy sand deposits are generic. We think such results broaden our perspective of the types of information that can be derived from studies of the modern and hopefully will stimulate further studies. Collectively, the sand deposits show a range of depositional facies patterns. Rimming the southern end of Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO) is the broadest expanse of "high-energy" sands found in the Bahamas characterized by narrow sandbars separated by wide, deep channels and a lack of islands. A variation of the tidal bar motif with broader and more irregular sandbars, relatively narrow channels, and few small islands occurs at the northern end of Exuma Sound (Schooners). Sands associated with tidal channels and the numerous islands of the Exumas chain along the western edge of Exuma Sound occur primarily as flood tidal deltas.
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Unraveling the Ecological Importance of Elasmobranchs
Michael Heithaus, Alejandro Frid, Jeremy Vaudo, Boris Worm, and Aaron J. Wirsing
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Symmetrical Analysis Techniques for Genetic Systems and Bioinformatics: Advanced Patterns and Applications
Matthew He and Sergey V. Petukhov
Mathematical and symmetrical analysis of the structure of molecular systems of genetic code has essential meaning for the bioinformatics, biomathematics, and biotechnology fields. Symmetrical Analysis Techniques for Genetic Systems and Bioinformatics: Advanced Patterns and Applications adds unique and novel value to the literature in these areas, compiling studies that demonstrate effective approaches to the structural analysis of genetic systems and bioinformatics. This groundbreaking reference advances the knowledge available to researchers, educators, and students about new mathematical methods and tools, phenomenological results and interdisciplinary connections in the fields of molecular genetics, bioinformatics, computer informatics, and mathematical and theoretical biology.
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Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills
Neil Katz, John W. Lawyer, and Marcia K. Sweedler
Turn stressful, difficult situations into experiences of openness and clarity.
Communication & Conflict Resolution Skills provides practical applications for improving communication and personal or professional leadership effectiveness. Instructors and trainers can use this book as a reference, and as a workbook to supplement workshops and learning experiences in communication and conflict management.
This book presents practical knowledge and skills in a series of small, understandable units that the reader can practice, master, and use as building blocks to enhance interpersonal and group success. Topics include:
Information Sharing ― learn to identify personal outcomes in communication and the outcomes of others. Establish and maintain rapport, and use language effectively to ensure that the message is accurate and clear. Reflective Listening ― develop the ability to clearly hear what another is communicating and understand what is being said at both the content and feeling level. Problem Solving ― formulate accurate problem statements, clarify problems, and facilitate the problem solving of others. The skills of transferral and referral are also covered. Assertion ― communicate thoughts, feelings, and concerns directly in a way that does not damage self-esteem or endanger the relationship. Conflict Resolution ― develop skills of conflict awareness, styles recognition, diagnosis, conflict resolution, and problem solving. Learn two processes of managing and resolving conflicts, one for managing conflicts around human needs and another model addressing conflicts of resources and/or values. Chapter overviews, exercises, and chapter summaries are included to promote understanding and skill development.
This second edition now incorporates current research articles and reference links in every chapter so the reader can go beyond the material presented in the text for a more global perspective on communication and conflict resolution skills.
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The Gulf: Facies Belts, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Parameters of Sedimentation on a Carbonate Ramp
Bernhard Riegl, Anthony Poiriez, Xavier Janson, and Kelly L. Bergman
The Holocene of The Gulf, also referred to as the Arabian or Persian Gulf, is frequently cited as a classic example of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp system for an arid climate. This notion of a ramp is supported by the recognition that The Gulf area has a dominant shallow water carbonate/evaporite basin fill from the Permian to today despite a complex tectonic history (Alsharhan and Kendall 2003). The current depositional setting is that of a proximal foreland ramp (Burchette and Wright 1992; Evans 1995; Kirkham 1998). Walkden and Williams (1998), however, argue that since The Gulf has been above sea level for over much of the past 2.5 Ma, and since it is in tectonic, eustatic and depositional disequilibrium it should not be considered a ramp. Despite this controversy, the Holocene sedimentary fill of the current Gulf has been and will continue to be used as a model for a carbonate ramp. This interest in the area is hightened by the fact that is one of the few places in which Holocene dolomite and evaporites form.
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DNA Forensic Applications in Shark Management and Conservation
Mahmood S. Shivji
"Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation brings you up to speed on these significant changes, specifically examining how elasmobranch fishes - the sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras - successfully survive in a wide range of habitats." "With contributions from an international group of investigators, this multidisciplinary volume begins by examining elasmobranch biodiversity patterns and their integrated sensory systems. It then explores the physiological adaptations - from unique sensory modalities to compensatory mechanisms for physiological and environmental stress - that make these animals particularly well suited for the range of habitats where they are found, in both oceanic and freshwater realms." "The book then considers the human interactions and anthropogenic effects on worldwide elasmobranch populations and the potential extinction risks posed by increasing threats from changes in habitat, changes in water chemistry, and growing commercial exploitation. This text is unrivaled in terms of coverage and readability, and it is a must-have reference for marine biologists, fishery scientists, oceanographers, and also marine, zoo, and aquarium veterinarians. -- BOOK JACKET
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Biodiversity Patterns and Processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Michael Vecchione, Odd Aksel Bergstad, I. Byrkjedal, Tone Falkenhaug, Andrey Gebruk, O. R. Godo, Astthor Gislason, Mikko Heino, Age Hoines, Gui Menezes, Uwe Piatkowski, Imants G. Priede, Henrik Skov, Henrik Soiland, Tracey Sutton, and Thomas de Lange Wenneck
Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity, Abundance and Distribution is a true landmark publication.
Comprising the synthesis and analysis of the results of the Census of Marine Life this most important book brings together the work of around 2000 scientists from 80 nations around the globe.
The book is broadly divided into four sections, covering oceans past, oceans present, oceans future and a final section covering the utilisation of the data which has been gathered, and the coordination and communication of the results.
Edited by Professor Alasdair Mcintyre, Marine Life is a book which should find a place on the shelves of all marine scientists, ecologists, conservation biologists, oceanographers, fisheries scientists and environmental biologists. All universities and research establishments where biological, earth and fisheries science are studied and taught should have copies of this essential book on their shelves.
- A true landmark publication
- One of the most important marine science books ever published
- Contributions from many world leading researchers
- Synthesis of a huge amount of important data
- Represents the culmination of 10 years' research by 2000 scientists from 80 countries
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Parameters Controlling Modern Carbonate Depositional Environments: Approach
Hildegard Westphal, Gregor P. Eberli, and Bernhard Riegl
First research on carbonate depositional environments dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century, when Nelson (1853) described the general morphology of the Bahamas and realized the origin of calcareous eolianites. However, systematic studies on carbonate sediments and particularly their modern analogues remained scarce until the 1950th and 1960th. Then, pioneer work on the modern (sub-) tropical carbonate depositional environment, that was triggered by research groups of several large petroleum companies, ignited a boom in carbonate research (among others: Ginsburg 1956, 1957; Ginsburg and Lloyd 1956; Lowenstam and Epstein 1957; Newell and Rigby 1957; Wells 1957; Purdy 1961, 1963; Imbrie and Purdy 1962).
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Carbonate Depositional Systems: Assessing Dimensions and Controlling Parameters: The Bahamas, Belize and the Persian/Arabian Gulf
Hildegard Westphal, Bernhard Riegl, and Gregor P. Eberli
Carbonate sediments are of increasing relevance for archives of past environmental conditions and for economical reasons in areas of geothermal energy and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Complex interaction of physical and chemical parameters with biological parameters determines the architecture and composition of carbonate sedimentary bodies. This book closes some of the still existing gaps in our understanding of the influence and interplay of physical, chemical, and biological parameters with carbonate sedimentation. An understanding of this interaction is not only required for reliable prediction of reservoir quality but also for a robust interpretation of environmental conditions in the past and the present. It is written by geologists for geologists in order to provide an easily accessible overview of the large amount of relevant information provided by the neighbouring sciences. The approach of the book is to document the modern depositional environments of three classical areas of carbonate deposition, each characteristic for a specific sedimentological setting (isolated platform, attached shelf, ramp) in order to assess both the range of physical, biological and chemical parameters and their sedimentary response. This book presents a comprehensive compilation based on data from published work and unpublished theses, and the integration of these data in order to extract previously undiscovered relationships between the discussed parameters and carbonate deposition.
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Bush v. Gore: Exposing the Hidden Crisis in American Democracy
Charles Zelden
Who could forget the Supreme Court's controversial 5-4 decision in Bush v. Gore or the 2000 presidential campaign and election that preceded it? Hanging chads, butterfly ballots, endless recounts, raucous allegations, and a constitutional crisis were all roiled into a confusing and potentially dangerous mix-until the Supreme Court decision allowed George W. Bush to become the 43rd President of the United States, despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore.
Praised by scholars and political pundits alike, the original edition of Charles Zelden's book set a new standard for our understanding of that monumental decision. A probing chronicle and critique of the vexing and acrimonious affair, it offered the most accurate and up-to-date analysis of a remarkable episode in American politics. Highly readable, its comprehensive coverage, depth of documentation and detail, and analytic insights remain unrivaled on the subject.
In this first paperback edition, Zelden has abridged and simplified the original to focus on the core story and its essential details, greatly increasing its appeal for a wider and more diverse readership, including students and general readers. He has also added a postscript that deals with developments of the past decade relating to the case.
Like the original edition, this volume distills the events, issues, and voluminous commentary relating to Bush v. Gore into a sharply insightful and nonpartisan account of a remarkable election, the crisis it produced, and the litigation that followed. Ultimately, it shows that both the election controversy of 2000 and Bush v. Gore signaled major flaws in our electoral system that remain with us today.
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Robinson: The Real Illinois
Barry W. Barker
Robinson: The Real Illinois is a collection of photographs taken by members of Wild Spots Foundation. The purpose of the monograph is to photographically capture the landscapes, cultures, and people of Crawford County.
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Sir William Johnson
James E. Doan
Where do saints rub shoulders with sinners, and eccentrics brush up against pillars of the community? In the monumental Dictionary of Irish Biography, just published by Cambridge University Press with the Royal Irish Academy and edited by James McGuire and James Quinn. At over 8 million words, it is the biggest work ever published on the lives of the Irish. The Dictionary is made up of 9,700 biographies written by over 700 contributors, and spans over two thousand years of Ireland's history. It includes the entries on those who made a significant contribution in both Ireland and abroad-from St. Patrick to Brian Boru, Grainne O'Malley to Maureen O'Sullivan, The Clancy Brothers to Jack Dempsey, Arthur Guinness to Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Samuel Beckett to Christy Brown and Michael Collins to Bobby Sands. The biographies are arranged alphabetically from Jacques Abbadie (d. 1727), a Huguenot refugee who became dean of Killaloe, through to Zozimus (aka Michael Moran) d. 1846), the Liberties-born balladeer. St Brigit is the earliest woman featured and the earliest man was Palladius, an envoy sent to Ireland by Pope Celestine. The most recent biographical subject is Dorothy Walker, writer and critic, who died in December 2002. Approximately 1,000 of the 9,700 people featured were born outside of Ireland. The shortest-lived person in the Dictionary is Nellie Organ (1903-08), a pious child from Co. Waterford, whose cause for beatification received widespread popular support after her death The most common surnames in the Dictionary are: O'Connor, Butler, O'Brien, Mac/McCarthy and Murphy. Amongst the least well known figures are: Vere Goold, the only Wimbledon finalist to have been convicted of murder, and Percy Ludgate from Skibbereen, Co Cork who was a pioneer in digital computing. This nine-volume work has recently been awarded the 2009 American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (PROSE) for Best Multivolume Reference work in the Humanities and Social Sciences.
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Iraq’s War Economy: Barriers and Opportunities
Cheryl L. Duckworth
From violence and abuse within family units to communities and regions torn apart by inter-group conflict and wars among nations, the human condition is rife with turmoil. The consequences of this seemingly perpetual strife weigh heavily on humanity, often creating feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness that only serve to breed more conflict and violence. In the face of these monumental challenges, initiatives for peace struggle to take root. Seeking effective ways to encourage these efforts, the United Nations adopted three declarations on the eve of the 21st century, including the 'Declaration on a Culture of Peace' that broadly defines what the vision looks like and the actions necessary to build cultures of peace. Taking up this central challenge of our time, this volume of collected essays presents multiple perspectives on the critical issues of peace and conflict resolution that pervade the globe, addressing the UN's charge to develop 'values, attitudes, modes of behavior and ways of life conducive to the promotion of peace among individuals, groups, and nations'. Bringing together scholars and practitioners from fields including education, sociology, criminology, political science, and peace studies, this work constructively engages the task of creating peace and fostering hope in a conflict-ridden world.
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