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Metal Binding Proteins and Peptides for the Detection of Heavy
D. H. Petering, M. S. Goodrich, W. Hodgeman, S. Krezoski, D. N. Weber, C. F. Shaw III, Richard E. Spieler, and L. D. Zettergren
Overview. Anatomical and cytological endpoints. Detoxication, adaptive and immunological responses. Genotoxic responses. Metal metabolism. Application of biomakers in field evaluation.
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Effects of Drilling Fluids on Reef Corals: A Review
Richard E. Dodge and Alina Szmant-Froelich
This chapter reviews research on the effects of drilling fluid on reef-building, or hermatypic, corals. Experiments have shown that the burial of corals in drilling fluid, or mud, caused mortality and that certain drilling fluids applied as slurries could not be removed by corals. Under field conditions, however, slurries were removed with the assistance of natural currents, but appeared to cause lowered growth rates in treated specimens. Certain species showed behaviorial stress symptoms after 96-h exposure to 0.100 ml liter-1 of drilling fluid (0.100 ml of fluid in 1 liter of seawater) and exposure to 1.000 ml liter-1 caused mortality in 65 h for three of seven species tested. A chronic 6-week exposure to 0.100 ml liter-1 of drilling fluid caused an 84% decrease in calcification, a 40% decrease in respiration, reductions in gross photosynthesis (26%), nitrate uptake (28%), ammonium uptake (49%), and feeding, as well as some death. Other studies showed that average linear skeletal growth also decreased. A field assessment of a reef, several years after drilling , indicated a 70-90% reduction in foliose, branching, and platelike corals within a 115 m x 85 m ellipse around the drilling site. Detrimental effects on corals, as extrapolated from the limited information on effects, seem probable within a minimum distance of 100m from the source.
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Appendix 3: Quantitative Analysis of Skeletal Growth Records Part C: Probabilistic Population Descriptions
J. Rimas Vaisnys and Richard E. Dodge
In this appendix we propose some probabilistic and statistical techniques for describing biological populations. The techniques are illustrated with actual data, obtained from studies of coral reefs in Bermuda. In our example, we use skeletal band counts, made for a small sample of corals, to construct an age-frequency description of the coral reef population. The techniques are quite general and are applicable whenever a quantifiable skeletal growth record is exhibited by an individual organism and when one is interested in estimating the frequency distribution of the same growth pattern in the species population.
In this appendix we propose some probabilistic and statistical techniques for describing biological populations. The techniques are illustrated with actual data, obtained from studies of coral reefs in Bermuda. In our example, we use skeletal band counts, made for a small sample of corals, to construct an age-frequency description of the coral reef population. The techniques are quite general and are applicable whenever a quantifiable skeletal growth record is exhibited by an individual organism and when one is interested in estimating the frequency distribution of the same growth pattern in the species population.
