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Open Ocean Convection
Alexander Soloviev and B. Klinger
The Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences is the most current, authoritative, and comprehensive resource on the science of the oceans. This ambitious work includes contributions from leading scientists around the world on the physical processes that drive the oceans and the chemical, biological, and geological disciplines. TheEncyclopedia also covers ancillary topics such as ocean technology, law of the oceans, global programs, marine policy, the use of the oceans for food and energy, and the impact of pollution and climate changes. The many different methods used to study the oceans are covered, from ship-based systems to satellite remote sensing.
Users will enjoy easy access to more than 400 articles, each approximately 3000-4000 words in length with further reading lists and extensive cross referencing. Each article provides comprehensive coverage of a particular topic, and is designed for a wide audience of students, academics, researchers, and professionals. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with the latest technical information. -
A Model of the Air-Sea Gas Exchange Incorporating the Physics of the Turbulent Boundary Layer and the Properties of the Sea Surface
Alexander Soloviev and Peter Schluessel
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Introduction to Geography, 7th edition
Arthur Getis, Jerome Donald Fellmann, Judith Getis, and Barry W. Barker
This text introduces students to the field of geography. The content is organized around the four major research traditions of the discipline: those of earth science; culture-environment; location; and area analysis.
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Reefs and Coral Carpets in the Northern Red Sea as Models for Organism-Environment Feedback in Coral Communities and Its Reflection in Growth Fabrics
Bernhard Riegl and Werner Piller
Carbonate Platform Systems: components and interactions is a collection of 13 papers, plus an introduction, concerning the effects of organism-environment interactions in modern and ancient carbonate platforms, arising from the Lyell Meeting on ‘Organism-Environment Feedbacks in Carbonate Platforms and Reefs’ held at the Geological Society, UK. The papers presented here provide an integrated view of carbonate platforms, emphasizing dynamic interactions at all hierarchical levels and revealing the limitations of uniformitarian analogy in biotically influenced sedimentary systems. Selected case studies from around the world illustrate aspects ranging from the genesis of growth fabrics to changing patterns of carbonate platform development. The text will be of interest to sedimentologists, palaeontologists and marine ecologists alike. Readership: Sedimentologists, Palaeontologists, Marine Ecologists, Petroleum Exploration & Production Geologists and Marine Environmental Conservationists.
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Environmental Science: A Global Concern, 5th edition
William P. Cunningham, Barbara Woodworth Saigo, and Barry W. Barker
Introducing students to environmental science without any prerequisites, this text has a strong global emphasis and recognizes that the world is a unified biosphere that doesn't adhere to artificial (political) boundaries. Topics covered include the Greenhouse Effect, the Clean Air Act and El Nino.
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Ecology: Concepts and Applications
Manuel C. Molles Jr and Barry W. Barker
This intoductory general ecology text has a strong emphasis on helping students grasp the main concepts of ecology without becoming inundated with detail. It includes many examples of actual research projects conducted in the field of ecology.
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Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships, 6th Edition
Eldon D. Enger, Bradley F. Smith, and Barry W. Barker
Focusing on concepts from the beginning and presenting topics with a practical optimism that clearly defines both problems and possible solutions, Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships incorporates an easy-to-understand conceptual approach. Value priced at about $10 less than other full-color environmental science texts, this well-respected text is ideal for your nonmajors' introductory environmental science course.
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Introduction to Geography, 6th edition
Arthur Getis, Jerome Donald Fellmann, Judith Getis, and Barry W. Barker
This text introduces students to the field of geography. The content is organized around the four major research traditions of the discipline: those of earth science; culture-environment; location; and area analysis.
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Living Comatulids
Charles Messing
Presented as a Paleontological Society Short Course at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 19, 1997
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UV Light in the Deep Sea: In situ Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance in Relation to the Visual Threshold Sensitivity of UV-Sensitive Crustaceans
Tamara M. Frank and Edith A. Widder
Combining behavioural and psychological approaches to the study of plankton on present and interdisciplinary investigation of sensory processes in pelagic environments, this text provides insights into the larger scale ecological processes of biological productivity, community structure and population dynamics.
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Introduction to Geography, 5th edition
Arthur Getis, Judith Getis, Jerome Donald Fellmann, and Barry W. Barker
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Haciendas of Ecuador
Barry W. Barker and Charles R. Barnett
Haciendas of Ecuador is a pictorial guide to fully functional and operating haciendas in Central Ecuador. Approximately fifteen haciendas were chosen and a team of two photographers and one was was sent to each to photographically document the property and to obtain a brief history, background, and family information about the property. Information is also included about staying at these facilities and where to call for reservations.
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Introduction to Geography, 4th edition
Arthur Getis, Jerome Donald Fellmann, Judith Getis, and Barry W. Barker
Provides an overview of the study of geography, organized around the major research traditions of geography: physical, cultural, locational and regional. Within these major themes, the topics discussed include: the weather and climate; population geography; urban geography; and political geography.
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Fifty Years of Impacts on Coral Reefs in Bermuda
C. B. Cook, Richard Dodge, and S. R. Smith
[Chapter Abstract]
The high latitude coral reefs of Bermuda have been impacted by two major kinds of events since the early 1940s. The first was the dredging operation in Castle Harbour which led to the construction of Kindley airfield (now the Bermuda Air Terminal.) The associated sedimentation, turbidity and altered hydrology caused a mass mortality of corals, especially of the major reef-building genus Diploria. While there has been post-dredging recruitment of corals, D. strigosa, a species sensitive to sedimentation, has been particularly slow to recover and is less prevalent at this site than elsewhere in Bermuda. Ship groundings comprise the second class of event: since 1940, thirteen major ship groundings have occurred on the reefs which have destroyed an estimated 1% of the outer reefs. Studies of the recovery and recruitment of corals at a major grounding site indicate that these processes occur very slowly in Bermuda. It is estimated that 100-150 years would be required to restore coral coverage and species diversity, with species of Diploria being particularly slow to recover. Recent episodes of coral bleaching in Bermuda are considered to have had very little effect on coral populations and reefs.
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Long-Term Monitoring (2.5 Years) of Effects of Short-Term Field Exposure of Stony Corals to Dispersed and Undispersed Crude Oil
Richard Dodge and Anthony H. Knap
[Chapter Abstract]
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate long-term effects to shallow sub-tidal coral reef species from short-term exposure to dispersed and untreated crude oil. The study location was in the northwestern Laguna de Chiriqui, Caribbean coast of Panama. Experimental sites consisted of 900m2 plots which were enclosed by a boom with .45cm deep skirts. All sites contained shallow subtidal coral reefs. One site was designated as a control. One site received dispersed oil at a target concentration of 50ppm for 24 hours, representing a high exposure. One site received only crude oil at an amount of about 1 l/m2 for a duration of approximately 48 hours, representing moderate exposure.
Prespill chemical and biological parameters were collected in March and mid November, 1984. The experimental spill was conducted in late November, 1984. Monitoring of parameters continued periodically until August, 1986. Biological parameters that were measured included epifaunal and epifloral coverage of the coral reef substrate utilizing plotless line transects. Skeletal growth of four selected coral species was also measured at each site. Chemical sampling involved analysis (not reported here) of large and small-volume water samples for GC and GC/MS together with large-volume water samples by pumping through XAD resin.
Results indicated that the coverage of all organisms, hard corals, all animals, and all plants was significantly depressed in the Dispersed Oil treatment compared to the Control station. Little recovery of most organisms was evident some 20 months after initial treatment. Coverage parameters of the Oil Only treatment were generally lower than, but not usually significantly different from coverage of the Control. Of the four coral species investigated for growth, two (Agaricia tennuifolia and Porites porites) showed significant effects from exposure to dispersed oil (reduced blade and tip extension rate at the dispersed oil site). These results provided useful indications of long-term effects from short-term field exposure of corals and coral reefs to oil and dispersed oil. Information from this and other field and laboratory studies benefits marine management by providing data upon which to base informed decisions regarding dispersant use in tropical areas.
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Oil Refinery Impacts on Coral Reef Communities in Aruba, N.A.
C. Mark Eakin, Joshua S. Feingold, and Peter Glynn
[Chapter Abstract]
From 1925 to 1985, Lago Oil and Transport Co. operated a transshipping terminal and refinery on the southeastern coast of Aruba, N.A. This facility has affected the nearshore marine ecosystem through both oil contamination at the harbor and tanker berths, and from disturbance related to shipping, dredging and construction. The impact of this facility on nearby coral reef communities was studied from January 1987 to August 1989. This included an analysis of reef community structure comparing sites adjacent to the refinery with those upstream and downstream, the modern and historical growth of the predominant coral species, and recruitment of new corals. Both upstream and downstream control sites were in good health and exhibited high diversity. In contrast, reefs adjacent to the refinery exhibited low density and diversity of live corals and abundant dead coral rubble. Additionally, periods of construction in the inner harbor and on surrounding spoil islands and high refinery activity corresponded well with periods of reduced coral growth near the refinery. Although the relative importance of oil contamination, sedimentation and other anthropogenic effects is uncertain, our observations suggest that sedimentation and other physical stress resulted in substantial reductions in environmental quality at the disturbed sites. Coral recruitment at the highly impacted sites showed hope for recovery if these environments are protected from renewed perturbation.
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Circadian Rhythms in Fishes and Their Implications for Research
Richard E. Spieler
This book discusses the care and use of fish, amphibians and reptiles in research. These species are used as important research models in many different biomedical disciplines. Little has been written about their humane and responsible care in a research environment. This book also discusses anaesthesia, analgesia, euthanasia, handling, husbandry, nutrition, behaviour, disease, field research and medicine for the different species of fish.
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Feeding-Entrained Circadian Rhythms in Fishes
Richard E. Spieler
There has been sufficient work done in fishes to warrant a review of feeding-entrained rhythmicity, if only for comparative reasons. Relative to the extensive work with laboratory mammals, however, information on this topic in fishes is meager. An attempt at a broad overview at this point is fated from the outset to be data poor and speculation rich; hopefully this paper will, nevertheless, serve a heuristic role. Specifically, the paper addresses five questions regarding feeding entrainment of circadian rhythms in fishes: Does feeding entrain rhythms in fishes? How? Why? So what? and What next?
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Metal Binding Proteins and Peptides for the Detection of Heavy
D. H. Petering, M. S. Goodrich, W. Hodgeman, S. Krezoski, D. N. Weber, C. F. Shaw III, Richard E. Spieler, and L. D. Zettergren
Overview. Anatomical and cytological endpoints. Detoxication, adaptive and immunological responses. Genotoxic responses. Metal metabolism. Application of biomakers in field evaluation.
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Effects of Drilling Fluids on Reef Corals: A Review
Richard E. Dodge and Alina Szmant-Froelich
This chapter reviews research on the effects of drilling fluid on reef-building, or hermatypic, corals. Experiments have shown that the burial of corals in drilling fluid, or mud, caused mortality and that certain drilling fluids applied as slurries could not be removed by corals. Under field conditions, however, slurries were removed with the assistance of natural currents, but appeared to cause lowered growth rates in treated specimens. Certain species showed behaviorial stress symptoms after 96-h exposure to 0.100 ml liter-1 of drilling fluid (0.100 ml of fluid in 1 liter of seawater) and exposure to 1.000 ml liter-1 caused mortality in 65 h for three of seven species tested. A chronic 6-week exposure to 0.100 ml liter-1 of drilling fluid caused an 84% decrease in calcification, a 40% decrease in respiration, reductions in gross photosynthesis (26%), nitrate uptake (28%), ammonium uptake (49%), and feeding, as well as some death. Other studies showed that average linear skeletal growth also decreased. A field assessment of a reef, several years after drilling , indicated a 70-90% reduction in foliose, branching, and platelike corals within a 115 m x 85 m ellipse around the drilling site. Detrimental effects on corals, as extrapolated from the limited information on effects, seem probable within a minimum distance of 100m from the source.
