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Schlerochronology
Kevin P. Helmle and Richard E. Dodge
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
Hans Hess, Charles Messing, and William I. Ausich
This volume is edited by Paul Selden, authors are Hans Hess and Charles G. Messing, coordinating author is William I. Ausich. This is the first volume to be published in an extensive revision of the Class Crinoidea. The present volume deals with the Subclass Articulata that contains all post-Paleozoic and living crinoids. The descriptions are preceded by an introduction, a chapter on the morphology of articulate crinoids, a glossary of important terms, and an overview of classification. The reference list is comprehensive for this volume.
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Modification of Turbulence at the Air-Sea Interface Due to the Presence of Surfactants and Implications for Gas Exchange. Part II: Numerical Simulations
Silvia Matt, Atsushi Fujimara, Alexander Soloviev, and Shin Hyung Rhee
We conducted high-resolution non-hydrostatic numerical simulations to study the effect of surfactants on near-surface turbulence. Laboratory experiments at the UM RSMAS ASIST facility presented in a companion paper report a reduction of turbulence below the air-sea interface and an increase of the surface drift velocity in the presence of surfactants. We implement the effect of surfactants as a rheological, viscoelastic boundary condition at the surface. Our numerical experiments are consistent with the results of the laboratory experiments. We also simulated the effect of surfactants on the temperature difference across the thermal molecular sublayer (cool skin) and on gas transfer velocity. The numerical simulations demonstrate an increase in the temperature difference across the cool skin and reduction of the gas transfer velocity in the presence of surfactant. The results also reveal the effect of surfactants on the different types of molecular sublayers (viscous, thermal and diffusion), which is important for the development of proper parameterization of the interfacial component of air-sea gas exchange under low and moderate wind speed conditions.
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Remote Sensing and Global Environment Change
Samuel J. Purkis and Victor V. Klemas
Remote Sensing plays a key role in monitoring the various manifestations of global climate change. It is used routinely in the assessment and mapping of biodiversity over large areas, in the monitoring of changes to the physical environment, in assessing threats to various components of natural systems, and in the identification of priority areas for conservation.
This book presents the fundamentals of remote sensing technology, but rather than containing lengthy explanations of sensor specifications and operation, it concentrates instead on the application of the technology to key environmental systems. Each system forms the basis of a separate chapter, and each is illustrated by real world case studies and examples.
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Coral Reefs in the Mariana Islands
Bernhard Riegl
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic/Caribbean
Bernhard Riegl
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Coral Reefs in the Persian/Arabian Gulf
Bernhard Riegl and Samuel J. Purkis
Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
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Modification of Turbulence at the Air-Sea Interface Due to the Presence of Surfactants and Implications for Gas Exchange. Part I: Laboratory Experiment
Alexander Soloviev, S. Matt, Mikhail Gilman, H. Huhnerfuss, Brian K. Haus, D. Jeong, I. Savelyev, and Mark A. Donelan
The air-sea gas transfer of gases like CO2 is substantiallydetermined bythe properties of the aqueous diffusion sublayer and free-surface turbulent boundarylayer. Little is known about the effect of surfactants on turbulence in the near-surface layer of the ocean. In order to investigate the effect of surfactants on turbulent exchanges below the air-sea interface, we have conducted a series of laboratoryexperiments at the UM RSMAS Air-Sea Interaction Saltwater Tank (ASIST) facility. Results from these experiments demonstrate that the surfactant monolayer suppresses turbulence and reduces drag below the water surface and increases the surface drift velocity. This effect is important for parameterization of the interfacial component of gas exchange under low wind speed conditions. From the theoretical standpoint, the mechanism of the turbulence reduction can be explained bythe modification of the “streaks” in the buffer zone near the interface byvisco-elastic properties of the water surface when surfactants are present. These findings are consistent with results from high-resolution non-hydrostatic numerical simulations presented in a companion paper.
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Delineating and Quantifying Depositional Facies Patterns of Modern Carbonate Sand Deposits on Great Bahama Bank
Paul Mitch Harris, James Ellis, and Samuel J. Purkis
SEPM Short Course #54
Delineating and Quantifying Depositional Facies Patterns. Processed satellite images, derived bathymetry (Digital Elevation Models), and sand body interpretation maps of three key areas of modern carbonate sand deposition on Great Bahama Bank (GBB) are organized into a GIS to develop morphometric data. The results of the sand body and sandbar interrogation imply that certain architectural properties of high-energy sand deposits are generic. We think such results broaden our perspective of the types of information that can be derived from studies of the modern and hopefully will stimulate further studies. Collectively, the sand deposits show a range of depositional facies patterns. Rimming the southern end of Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO) is the broadest expanse of "high-energy" sands found in the Bahamas characterized by narrow sandbars separated by wide, deep channels and a lack of islands. A variation of the tidal bar motif with broader and more irregular sandbars, relatively narrow channels, and few small islands occurs at the northern end of Exuma Sound (Schooners). Sands associated with tidal channels and the numerous islands of the Exumas chain along the western edge of Exuma Sound occur primarily as flood tidal deltas.
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Unraveling the Ecological Importance of Elasmobranchs
Michael Heithaus, Alejandro Frid, Jeremy Vaudo, Boris Worm, and Aaron J. Wirsing
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The Gulf: Facies Belts, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Parameters of Sedimentation on a Carbonate Ramp
Bernhard Riegl, Anthony Poiriez, Xavier Janson, and Kelly L. Bergman
The Holocene of The Gulf, also referred to as the Arabian or Persian Gulf, is frequently cited as a classic example of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp system for an arid climate. This notion of a ramp is supported by the recognition that The Gulf area has a dominant shallow water carbonate/evaporite basin fill from the Permian to today despite a complex tectonic history (Alsharhan and Kendall 2003). The current depositional setting is that of a proximal foreland ramp (Burchette and Wright 1992; Evans 1995; Kirkham 1998). Walkden and Williams (1998), however, argue that since The Gulf has been above sea level for over much of the past 2.5 Ma, and since it is in tectonic, eustatic and depositional disequilibrium it should not be considered a ramp. Despite this controversy, the Holocene sedimentary fill of the current Gulf has been and will continue to be used as a model for a carbonate ramp. This interest in the area is hightened by the fact that is one of the few places in which Holocene dolomite and evaporites form.
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DNA Forensic Applications in Shark Management and Conservation
Mahmood S. Shivji
"Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation brings you up to speed on these significant changes, specifically examining how elasmobranch fishes - the sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras - successfully survive in a wide range of habitats." "With contributions from an international group of investigators, this multidisciplinary volume begins by examining elasmobranch biodiversity patterns and their integrated sensory systems. It then explores the physiological adaptations - from unique sensory modalities to compensatory mechanisms for physiological and environmental stress - that make these animals particularly well suited for the range of habitats where they are found, in both oceanic and freshwater realms." "The book then considers the human interactions and anthropogenic effects on worldwide elasmobranch populations and the potential extinction risks posed by increasing threats from changes in habitat, changes in water chemistry, and growing commercial exploitation. This text is unrivaled in terms of coverage and readability, and it is a must-have reference for marine biologists, fishery scientists, oceanographers, and also marine, zoo, and aquarium veterinarians. -- BOOK JACKET
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Biodiversity Patterns and Processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Michael Vecchione, Odd Aksel Bergstad, I. Byrkjedal, Tone Falkenhaug, Andrey Gebruk, O. R. Godo, Astthor Gislason, Mikko Heino, Age Hoines, Gui Menezes, Uwe Piatkowski, Imants G. Priede, Henrik Skov, Henrik Soiland, Tracey Sutton, and Thomas de Lange Wenneck
Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity, Abundance and Distribution is a true landmark publication.
Comprising the synthesis and analysis of the results of the Census of Marine Life this most important book brings together the work of around 2000 scientists from 80 nations around the globe.
The book is broadly divided into four sections, covering oceans past, oceans present, oceans future and a final section covering the utilisation of the data which has been gathered, and the coordination and communication of the results.
Edited by Professor Alasdair Mcintyre, Marine Life is a book which should find a place on the shelves of all marine scientists, ecologists, conservation biologists, oceanographers, fisheries scientists and environmental biologists. All universities and research establishments where biological, earth and fisheries science are studied and taught should have copies of this essential book on their shelves.
- A true landmark publication
- One of the most important marine science books ever published
- Contributions from many world leading researchers
- Synthesis of a huge amount of important data
- Represents the culmination of 10 years' research by 2000 scientists from 80 countries
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Parameters Controlling Modern Carbonate Depositional Environments: Approach
Hildegard Westphal, Gregor P. Eberli, and Bernhard Riegl
First research on carbonate depositional environments dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century, when Nelson (1853) described the general morphology of the Bahamas and realized the origin of calcareous eolianites. However, systematic studies on carbonate sediments and particularly their modern analogues remained scarce until the 1950th and 1960th. Then, pioneer work on the modern (sub-) tropical carbonate depositional environment, that was triggered by research groups of several large petroleum companies, ignited a boom in carbonate research (among others: Ginsburg 1956, 1957; Ginsburg and Lloyd 1956; Lowenstam and Epstein 1957; Newell and Rigby 1957; Wells 1957; Purdy 1961, 1963; Imbrie and Purdy 1962).
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Carbonate Depositional Systems: Assessing Dimensions and Controlling Parameters: The Bahamas, Belize and the Persian/Arabian Gulf
Hildegard Westphal, Bernhard Riegl, and Gregor P. Eberli
Carbonate sediments are of increasing relevance for archives of past environmental conditions and for economical reasons in areas of geothermal energy and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Complex interaction of physical and chemical parameters with biological parameters determines the architecture and composition of carbonate sedimentary bodies. This book closes some of the still existing gaps in our understanding of the influence and interplay of physical, chemical, and biological parameters with carbonate sedimentation. An understanding of this interaction is not only required for reliable prediction of reservoir quality but also for a robust interpretation of environmental conditions in the past and the present. It is written by geologists for geologists in order to provide an easily accessible overview of the large amount of relevant information provided by the neighbouring sciences. The approach of the book is to document the modern depositional environments of three classical areas of carbonate deposition, each characteristic for a specific sedimentological setting (isolated platform, attached shelf, ramp) in order to assess both the range of physical, biological and chemical parameters and their sedimentary response. This book presents a comprehensive compilation based on data from published work and unpublished theses, and the integration of these data in order to extract previously undiscovered relationships between the discussed parameters and carbonate deposition.
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Robinson: The Real Illinois
Barry W. Barker
Robinson: The Real Illinois is a collection of photographs taken by members of Wild Spots Foundation. The purpose of the monograph is to photographically capture the landscapes, cultures, and people of Crawford County.
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The Many Faces of Gene Expression Profiling: Transcriptome Analyses Applied Towards Elucidating Marine Organismal Interactions and Metabolism.
Jose V. Lopez, Benoit Mouzon, Peter McCarthy, and Russell Kerr
This chapter will exhibit and summarize current molecular biotechnologies that focus on characterizing gene expression at the mRNA level. Specific focus will be on recent research regarding marine ecosystems and organisms. Learning objectives for the advanced biology students are the following:
- To understand the similarities and differences between genomics (DNA-based) and transcriptoics (RNA-based) laboratory methods for data generation and analysis.
- To learn the strengths and weaknesses of various state-of-the-art transcriptomic methods that are used to study gene expression and mRNA transcripts, and when they can be most appropriately applied.
- To rate and apply the most cost-effective means for transcriptome analyses based on the model system and hypotheses posed.
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Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico
David L. Pawson, Doris J. Vance, Charles Messing, Francisco A. Solis-Marin, and Christopher L. Mah
Presents a biodiversity inventory of the Gulf of Mexico with biotic and biogeographic information. This book presents a comprehensive summary of knowledge of Gulf biota through 2004. It includes seventy-seven chapters, which list more than fifteen thousand species in thirty-eight phyla or divisions.
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Markov Models for Linking Environments and Facies in Space and Time (Recent Arabian Gulf, Miocene Paratethys)
Bernhard Riegl and Samuel J. Purkis
This special publication Perspectives in Carbonate Geology is a collection of papers most of which were presented at a symposium to honor the 80th birthday of Bob Ginsburg at the meeting of Geological Society of America in Salt Lake City in 2005. The majority of the papers in this publication are connected with the study of modern carbonate sediments. Bob Ginsburg pioneered the concept of comparative sedimentology - that is using the modern to compare to and relate to and understand the ancient. These studies are concerned with Bob's areas of passion: coral reefs and sea-level; submarine cementation and formation of beach rock; surface sediments on Great Bahama Bank and other platforms; origin of ooids; coastal sediments; formation of stromatolites; impact of storms on sediments; and the formation of dolomite. The remainder of the papers apply the study of modern environments and sedimentary processes to ancient sediments.
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The Reef Tract of Continental Southeast Florida (Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach Counties, USA)
Kenneth W. Banks, Bernhard M. Riegl, Vincent P. Richards, Brian K. Walker, Kevin P. Helmle, Lance K. B. Jordan, Janet Phipps, Mahmood S. Shivji, Richard E. Spieler, and Richard E. Dodge
[Chapter Introduction] Although South Florida coral reefs are frequently considered to be confined to the Florida Keys, a complex of relict early Holocene shelf-edge and mid-shelf reefs as well as limestone ridges extends along the continental coast of Southeast Florida (Fig. 5.1) from offshore south Miami (N25°34') northward to offshore West Palm Beach (N26°43'). This extends the distance spanned overall by reefs in SE Florida by 125 km (Fig. 5.2). The nomenclature proposed by Moyer et al. (2003) and Banks et al. (2007) identifying these structures as ridge complex and inner, middle, and outer reef will be used herein. The reefs are arranged linearly and parallel to the trend of the shoreline. They are separated by sandy sedimentary deposits of varying thicknesses that overly erosional hardground surfaces (Duane and Meisburger 1969a, b; Raymond 1972; Shinn et al. 1977; Banks et al. 2007). The reefs themselves are presently not framebuilding but are colonized by a rich tropical fauna otherwise characteristic of the West Atlantic/Caribbean reef systems.
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Pandas of Sichuan
Barry W. Barker
The Pandas of Sichuan documents life at the Wolong Panda Preserve before the tragic May 2008 earthquake in China that killed nearly 100,000 people and severely damaged the facilities located near Chengdu. This photographic documentary effort of a courageous group of American travel photographers, members of Wild Spots Foundation, as well as academics from south Florida colleges and universities, is a modest attempt to protect biodiversity and contribute to the reconstruction efforts of the Pandas in the Sichuan Provence.
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Taphonomy as an Indicator of Behavior Among Fossil Crinoids
Tomasz K. Baumiller, Forest J. Gahn, Hans Hess, and Charles Messing
The dominant faunal elements in shallow Paleozoic oceans, echinoderms are important to understanding these marine ecosystems. Echinoderms (which include such animals as sea stars, crinoids or sea lilies, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers) have left a rich and, for science, extremely useful fossil record. For various reasons, they provide the ideal source for answers to the questions that will help us develop a more complete understanding of global environmental and biodiversity changes. This volume highlights the modern study of fossil echinoderms and is organized into five parts: echinoderm paleoecology, functional morphology, and paleoecology; evolutionary paleoecology; morphology for refined phylogenetic studies; innovative applications of data encoded in echinoderms; and information on new crinoid data sets.
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Characteristics of Shark Bycatch in the Pelagic Longline Fishery off the Southeastern US, 1992-1997
Lawrence R. Beerkircher, Enric Cortes, and Mahmood S. Shivji
This important and exciting title represents the first authoritative volume focussed on pelagic (open ocean) sharks as a group. Virtually every pelagic shark expert in the world has contributed to this landmark publication which includes the latest data and knowledge on pelagic shark biology, fisheries, management, and conservation.
Pelagic sharks face unprecedented levels of exploitation in all the world's oceans through both direct fisheries and by-catch, and effective management for these species is contingent upon solid science and data, which this book brings together for the first time. All those involved in shark biology will need to have a copy of this book.
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Geologic Setting and Ecological Functioning of Coral Reefs in American Samoa
Charles Birkeland, Peter Craig, Douglas Fenner, Lance Smith, William E. Kiene, and Bernhard Riegl
[Chapter Introduction] American Samoa is rich in coral reefs and all islands are more or less fringed by coral reefs. Although structurally not part of the Samoan chain, political American Samoa includes Rose Atoll, a true atoll, and Swains Island. The coral reefs of American Samoa are integrated into a national protected areas system with the National Park of American Samoa (US Department of Interior) managing some coral reefs on the north coast of Tutuila near Vatia and along the shores of southern Ofu, and southeastern Ta’u, while the National Marine Sanctuary Program (US Department of Commerce) manages Fagatele Bay.
Although debated among historians, many believe that the Samoan Islands were originally inhabited as early as 1000 bc. Thus, the division between American and independent Samoa is very recent and pre-Western history of both Samoan groups is inextricably linked. The Manu’a Islands (Ofu, Olosega, Ta’u ) of American Samoa have one of the oldest histories of Polynesia, and the Tuimanu’a title, formerly held by the highest chief of the Manu’a islands, is considered the oldest chiefly title. The title’s name is obviously derived from the islands’ name and its prestige is because the Manu’a Islands were, at least according to Samoan oral tradition, the first islands settled in Polynesia. During the Tongan occupation of Samoa, Manu’a was the only island group that remained independent because of the familial relationship between the Tuimanu’a and the Tuitonga, who was descended from a former Tuimanu’a. The islands of Tutuila and Aunu’u were culturally connected to Upolu Island in what is now independent Samoa. Still today, all the Samoan Islands are politically connected through the chieftain system and through family connections.
