Abstract
Purpose: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. High levels of functional impairment, mental stress, and socioeconomic burdens usually accompany it. With the shift in paradigm to a non-pharmacological approach to management, core strengthening exercises have assumed a central role in the conservative approach to CLBP rehabilitation. Moreover, there is also the inclusion of complementary practices of yoga and Pilates, as well as new technologies in digital health, which has expanded the field of therapy The goals of this literature review are to review evidence of the effectiveness of core stabilization, supplementary exercise (yoga and Pilates), and rehabilitation technology (including mobile apps, telehealth, and AI platform) in reducing pain, algorithmic improvement and adherence in victims with CLBP. Search Strategy: The search was systematic across the databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2013 and 2024. The inclusion criteria were that adults were diagnosed with CLBP and underwent core stabilization, mind-body, and digital interventions. Methods: Seventeen high-quality studies were included, and sample sizes ranged from 30 to 200 participants. These comprised 17 randomized controlled trials, three systematic reviews (including one meta-analysis), and one narrative review. Key outcomes measured were pain intensity (VAS, NPRS), disability (Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)), functional outcome, and rates of adherence. Results: Core stabilization exercises were reported to be more effective than regular exercise, and multiple trials showed a reduction in VAS of up to 30-60, as well as an improvement in ODI of 10-25. The EMG test demonstrated increased activity of the deep trunk stabilizers, specifically the transversus abdominis and multifidus. Pilates and yoga yielded more neuromuscular and psychosocial benefits, particularly in terms of flexibility and balance, as well as improvements in kinesiophobia. A particular outcome associated with this was improved adherence, remote accessibility, and functional gains similar to those of in-person therapy, which were identified with digital health platforms, especially those incorporating telehealth and AI-assisted applications. A combination of physical and digital models demonstrated the best results in decreasing pain levels and encouraging functional outcomes. Conclusion: The evidence presents the idea of a multimodal and patient-centered approach to CLBP rehabilitation. Core stabilization is a time-tested method, whereas supplementary techniques and electronic interventions add to the effectiveness of clinical practice and patient interaction. It is worth conducting further longitudinal research regarding the prolonged influence, economy, and standardization of hybrid rehabilitation treatment in CLBP treatment.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express his gratitude to Dr. Corey Peacock, PhD, CSCS, FISSN, Chair and Program Director at Nova Southeastern University, for his insightful feedback and guidance during the preparation of this manuscript. His expertise and encouragement have been invaluable in refining the structure and focus of this work. The author also extends his heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez, PT, DPT, PhD, Certified Neonatal Therapist, Developmental Care Specialist, Professor, and PhD Program Director at Nova Southeastern University, for her constructive comments and continuous support during the revision process. Her contributions were instrumental in enhancing the clarity and academic rigor of the final version of the manuscript. Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Cheryl Hill, Editor at the Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, for her valuable editorial feedback and guidance during the final preparation of this manuscript
Recommended Citation
Attia KG. Effectiveness of Core Strengthening in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Literature Review. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2026 Mar 03;24(1), Article 6.
