Faculty Books and Book Chapters

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  Kieran Egan

  Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Kieran Egan was born in 1942 in Clomel, Ireland. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966 from the University of London. After graduating he was employed at the Institute for Comparative Studies in Kingston upon Thames as a research fellow. Egan then began a Ph.D. program in philosophy of education from Stanford Graduate School of Education, but after two years he transferred to Cornell University and completed his degree in 1972. He then worked at Simon Frasier University as a professor of education.

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  Michael Rutter

  Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Michael Rutter was born August 15th, 1933 to Winifred and Llewellyn Rutter in Lebanon, where his father was working as a doctor. He returned with his parents to England when he was 3-years-old. In 1940, at the age of 6-years-old, Rutter and his younger sister were evacuated to North America due to fear of German invasion of the British Isles. He and his sister were taken in by different families in the United States and only living together a few months near the end of their four year stay abroad. Rutter denied feeling separated from his parents during his stay abroad, indicating that his parents wrote letters regularly.

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  Stages of Labor

  Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Labor, or the process through which a baby is born, is separated into three primary stages. The first stage begins at the onset of labor and ends when the cervix reaches a 10-centimeter dilation. This first stage is comprised of three sub-stages: early labor, active labor, and transition. The early labor phase begins at the onset of labor and ends when the women’s cervix is 3 centimeters dilated. This phase generally takes place over 8-12 hours at which point the cervix begins to open up (i.e., dilate) and thin out. During this phase, contractions, which are the uterine muscles tightening and releasing, begin to occur and take place in intervals. The contractions in this phase are approximately 30-45 seconds with anywhere between a few minutes to half of an hour in between. At this point, the contractions are generally mild and variable, but will become increasingly frequent and intense.

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  Grandparenthood

  Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The transition from parenthood into grandparenthood is a normative experience for a majority of individuals and typically occurs in middle age. However, this transition is not uncommon for individuals over 65 or under 55. An individual’s first experience with grandparenthood generally occurs in childhood, when they interact with their grandparents as grandchildren. Initially, the bond between grandparents and grandchildren is mediated by the parents. However, over time the relationship between the two becomes more direct.

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  Sibling Relationships in Old Age

  Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The relationship between siblings is unique among family relationships in that sibling relationships have a dimension of equality. In other words, they do not necessarily share the same obligations toward each other as a married partners or parents and child may, especially in Western cultures. Durkheim (1933) described sibling relationships as a “mechanical” bond rather than an “organic” bond, which would better characterize a complimentary relationship, such as that between married partners or a parent and child. This mechanical bond results in ambivalence and rivalry towards one another during childhood and early adulthood, as siblings are often forced to compete for parental attention and resources, as well as contend with differences in varying levels of privilege and responsibility. However, over the course of the lifetime, and especially in older age, sibling bonds often move towards a less competitive relationship.

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  Speech (Building Blocks)

  Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The building blocks of language begin with the smallest distinguishable unit, the phoneme, and grow in complexity to convey meaning within a specific social context. The study of meaning is known as semantics. According to Kellogg (2003), the goal of semantic theories is to explain how individuals form mental representations of words and thus derive meaning from them. The smallest distinguishable unit of speech is the phoneme. A phoneme is essentially a unique speech sound, or phonological segment, that can alter the meaning of a word. For instance, if you examine the words “pat” and “cat” you will notice that the difference in meaning for each word is determined by the initial phoneme. The brain must be able to process these subtle differences in spoken language very quickly, as the typical rate of speech production involves approximately 12 phonological segments per second (Fodor, 1983).

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  Addictions Counseling

  Cynthia J. Osborn and Melanie M. Iarussi

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  Using token economies and response cost

  David Reitman, K. W. Boerke, and Areti Vassilopoulos

  Publication in press.

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  Love (Components)

  Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Several theories have emerged over the years to explain love. These theories have emerged in order to understand the nature of one’s experience of love in daily life. The two dominating theories on love are those proposed by John Alan Lee and Robert Sternberg. Lee’s model suggested a model which includes six styles of love, three which are primary, and three that are considered secondary. The primary styles of love are Eros or passionate love, Ludus or game-playing love, and Storge which is friendship-based love. The secondary styles of love are Pragma or practical love, Mania which is possessive love, and Agape which is altruistic love. Lee sought to describe the styles of loving in a relationship as opposed to describing types of people in the relationship.

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  Wear and Tear Theory of Aging

  Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The wear and tear theory of aging is an idea proposed by German biologist, Dr. August Wiesmann, in 1882. The theory suggests that aging results from a gradual deterioration of the cells and tissues of the body via wear and tear, oxidative stress, exposure to radiation, toxins, or other deteriorative processes. It suggests that living organisms “wear out” over time with repeated use and increased stress on the body. This concept is similar to the idea that objects such as automobiles deteriorate or wear out as they are used repeatedly over time. Because people observe the wear and tear on these objects, this theory fits in with their perception of how humans age as well. Therefore, the concept is very popular and has been accepted by many.

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  Facilitating Health Behavior Change Using Motivational Interviewing

  Kimberly A. Sobell-Heugele, Linda C. Sobell, and Mark B. Sobell Ph.D.

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  Demographics of Aging

  Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The experience of growing older in the 21st century is vastly different from the past. The advancement in technology, medicine, and lower rates of death at birth has allowed for the population to shift in size. The shift is specifically from the baby boomers generation, which refers to the increase in birth rate from 1940’s to the early 1960’s. This generation is aging and in recent years the first baby boomers began reaching retirement age. This segment of the U.S. is the fastest growing, so it is essential to understand the growth of the aging population. This aging group is divided due to its immense diversity.

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  Stereotype Thinking

  Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Stereotypes are widely held fixed thoughts and beliefs adopted by common members of a group, that represent a particular group of individuals or behaviors as a whole. Attitudes people hold reflect in-group beliefs, values, and everyday life choices that are transgressed throughout multiple generations. Stereotypes are intertwined into society, and although many people would like to deny these attitudes, they are implanted on individuals when we are young and occur without conscious awareness. Stereotype thinking is adaptive in nature, which serves the purpose to help people make sense of the world around them, by explaining social events, justifying one’s actions, and assists to distinguish in-groups in a more positive light from out-groups. Stereotype thinking permits people to have the capability of understanding others and simultaneously shapes the way individuals encounter situations.

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  Behavioral Genetics

  Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Behavioral genetics is a field of scientific research that aims to understand how much genetic and environmental factors contribute to variability in behavior. From a genetics standpoint, numerous genes are influenced by the environment, which results in complex behaviors. Additionally, the physiology and developmental history of an individual, along with its environment, can modify genes and neuronal circuits of the brain. Furthermore, evolution and natural selection shape behaviors to optimize survival of the individual. Behavioral genetics is an evolving field that involves a combination of experimental psychology, genetics, neuroscience, and ethology.

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  Cellular Theories of Aging

  Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  There are multiple theories of aging, which include evolutionary, molecular, cellular, and systemic theories. The focus of this entry will be on the cellular theories of aging. There are two main categories of theories of cellular aging, error theories and programming theories. The error theories suggest that aging is a result of an accumulation of errors as an outcome of environmental insults that leads to damage at various levels of the cell. Error theories also propose that imperfect repair mechanisms are a factor that leads to cellular aging. The second category, programming theories, suggest that aging is a genetically programmed event. However, these two broad categories of theories are not mutually exclusive, for example, altered proteins can alter gene expression. Specific theories of aging from the two main categories will be discussed.

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  Environmental Teratogens

  Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Environmental teratogens are external agents that can increase the risk for carcinogenesis, malformations, mutagenesis, or deficient growth in an embryo or fetus. There are two general categories of teratogenic agents, which include errors in genetic processing, and environmental agents or factors. Both genetic and environmental teratogens can lead to embryopathology, but they have different pathologic processes. Errors in genetic processing can lead to abnormal development via gene abnormalities, chromosome deletion, chromosome excess, or chromosome rearrangement. Environmental teratogens, on the other hand, interact with the embryo during development, which can lead to congenital malformations and a multitude of other deficits. Environmental teratogens can include chemicals, drugs, radiation, and other factors.

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  Fine Motor Skills

  Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Fine motor skills are defined as the ability to control and coordinate muscles of the hand for precise movements. These skills play an enormous role in daily activities of independent living, including dressing, feeding yourself, and self-care. Examples of fine motor skills include cutting with scissors, tying shoelaces, and writing. Gross motor skills, on the other hand, are defined as larger movements of the arms and legs. Additionally, fine motor skills typically depend on coordination between the hands and the eyes. The development of fine motor skills is dependent on the development of gross motor skills, cognitive skills, and visual perceptual skills.

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  Nervous System

  Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  There are two major subdivisions of the nervous system: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Whereas the PNS consists of the nerves outside the CNS. These nerves bring sensory information to the CNS and transmit commands (i.e. motor information) from the CNS to the body. The PNS has three components, the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), somatic nervous system (spinal nerves), and the cranial nerves.

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  Édouard Claparède

  Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Édouard Claparède was born on March 24, 1873, in Geneva, Switzerland. Claparède studied science and medicine while attending universities in Germany, and France. He later returned home and graduated from the University of Geneva with an M.D. in 1897. After completion of his medical degree, Claparède went to work at Salpetriere Hospital in Paris (“Claparède, Édouard,” 2018). There, Claparède spent a year doing research in neurology with Joseph Dejerine.

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  Career Plateauing

  Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  A career plateau can be defined as a phenomenon in which an individual’s career becomes stagnant. It is imperative to distinguish the two types of career plateaus: (1) content (job content) plateauing and (2) structural (hierarchical) plateauing. Content plateauing refers to a situation in which an individual’s job content (i.e., knowledge, skills, duties, responsibilities, etc.) stops changing. While structural plateauing assumes content plateauing, it also refers to a situation in which an individual can no longer progress, advance, or be promoted within the hierarchical framework of an organization. Career plateauing is not a novel phenomenon; however, it has progressively become a more prominent societal and organizational area of concern. The Baby Boomers in the US have been highly linked to career plateauing as this generation of individuals is living with the repercussions of the economic, technological, and societal developments made by prior generations.