Faculty Books and Book Chapters

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  Friendship Among Children

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Friendships in childhood are essential to overall development, beyond having someone to socialize with. Research suggests that friendships in children can help mitigate psychopathology, can be considered protective factors against being bullied and acting as a bully, and help with developing strong cultural competence. Aspects of friendships such as quality and intimacy of the relationship, as well as quantity of friends have been investigated for their importance in moderating many of these factors. Lack of friendships can lead to both short-term and long-term challenges for children, such as loneliness and feeling isolated from peers, anxiety and other internalizing disorders, and potential school difficulties overall. Considering the benefits of having significant friendships and the risks associated with not having stable friendships, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which friendships impact children and their development.

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  Perspective Taking Stages

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Perspective taking is the ability to gain an understanding of how another person is thinking or feeling about an event based on the information which is available. Learning to understand the perspective of another person is an ability that develops over childhood through many stages. Typically, this concept is first grasped by school age, or around 6 to 7 years of age. There are multiple types of perspectives that can be taken as well, including physical or visual perspective, affective perspective, cognitive perspective, or perspective of communication. Each of these types is important for social behaviors and the ability to interact with and connect with other people. Perspective taking allows an individual to differentiate his or her own thoughts and feelings about an event from other people’s, which in turn, allows for an understanding of the presence of multiple opinions of events and topics. This differentiation also requires the understanding of first-person versus third-person perspective.

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  Word Learning Rules in Children

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The ability to learn new words requires the use of numerous cognitive functions. It is expected that from the time a child begins speaking around 12 months of age to about six years old, children learn approximately 14,000 words (Templin, 1957 as cited in Brady & Goodman, 2014). From an early age, children are exposed to the language used around them and slowly develop their own use of language through recognition of objects, combination of phonemes, and memorization of visual and auditory stimuli. In order to successfully master language and learn new words, a child must integrate these processes to not only develop a word, but also understand its meaning and store it in long term memory. This is, in part, accomplished through the phonological loop, which identifies the connection between the stored phonological information as well as the visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli with which it is associated.

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  A closer look at juvenile homicide: Kids who kill

  Katelyn A. Hernandez, Sara Ferguson, and Thomas D. Kennedy

  This book focuses on the small but disturbing percentage of homicides by children that occur each year, providing a brief overview of the legal, individual, and social aspects of this phenomenon. Since the 1980s, these crimes have been on the rise and the resulting legal response has been harsher punishments as well as treatment of children like adults. This has led to a host of failures in the juvenile justice system wherein recidivism is high and general outcome is low. The book reviews the literature on youth homicide, including gender, age, and race factors, as well as individual, familial, and environmental risks. The authors seek to aid in the identification and understanding of juvenile homicide to raise awareness of both a population that receives little formal psychological intervention and of the systemic deficiencies that affect these individuals as well as society itself. Exploring current theories, trends, and common factors in juvenile homicide, this brief aims to improve prevention, intervention, and reintegration of young offenders into the community.

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  Facilitating Health Behavior Change Using Motivational Interviewing

  Kimberly Sobell Heugele, Linda C. Sobell, and Mark B. Sobell

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  Ecological Systems Approach in Sociology

  Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Sociology as a philosophy is highly concerned with the collaboration of the environment and how the environment’s transactions with the individual affect one another. The Ecological Systems theory, as it is known today, speaks on the interaction between different sociological environments and how it affects the developing individual. Thanks to the work of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, in the United Kingdom, alongside Paul Kellogg in the United States, there is a better understanding about how an individual affects their environment and vice versa. Their work, specifically their research in assessing the needs of low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals in urban communities, led to the creation of the systems theory and its research.

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  The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961

  Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The Looking Chamber Experiment refers to a series of studies performed by Robert Fantz in 1961. Before the work of Fantz, little research was conducted on infant perception. There was presupposition that infants held the ability to perceive light, color and movement, yet, lacked the ability to respond to complex stimulus (i.e. shape, pattern, size, or solidity). Fantz and his colleagues were specifically interested in finding the degree in which babies can perceive form to categorize their current environment. They created their research techniques on past observational studies with chicks and chimpanzees. To look at the visual abilities of infants, researchers followed eye activity to examine the way infants recognize different forms and their preference, if any.

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  Word Learning Styles

  Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Language acquisition is the way that humans learn and attain their spoken language. Infants are biologically equipped to attain four aspects of language. These include phonology, semantics, grammar, and pragmatics. The earliest acquired language begins with phonology, attained as early as three months and make rapid progressions to conversational language by four years of age.

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  Midlife Physical Changes

  Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Aging occurs at different rates in individuals. These rates are influenced by factors including genetics, lifestyle, and health. Midlife is considered to be the central period of one’s life, consisting of individuals who are approximately 45 to 65 years of age, although some researchers suggest midlife consists of individuals who are 40 to 65 years of age. There are a variety of changes that occur throughout life. However, a majority of the changes that occur during midlife are considered to be normative physical changes. The physical changes in midlife include but are not limited to changes in appearance, senses, muscles, joints, and organs.

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  Widowhood

  Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Widowhood is defined as the state or period of being a widow or widower. A widow is a female whose spouse has died, while a widower is a male whose spouse has died. Although both men and women are likely to experience widowhood, research indicates that women are more likely to be widowed than men. Research suggests there are two main reasons why women are more likely to be widowed. First, women in average live longer than men. The second reason consists of the idea that women tend to marry older men. (Now that the USA and many other countries have allowed same-sex marriages, there may be some changes in the current patterns.)

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  Mental Models in Children

  Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Researchers in the area of child psychology have taken an interest in how children revise their understanding of the world. Stella Vosniadou and William Brewer (1991) postulated a theory called mental models, which provides insight into how genuine understanding is attained. The postulated mental models are created and then tested to build up one’s understanding of how the world works. Additionally, this theory implies there may be points in time where there is some understanding of a concept, yet it is still incomplete. Vosniadou and Brewer wanted to explore these intermediate mental models and develop evidence of understanding in progress. Experiment

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  Integrating motivational interviewing and cognitive behavior therapy in clinical practice

  Melanie M. Iarussi

  Integrating Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Clinical Practice shows counseling and other mental health professionals how the theoretical bases and evidence-based practices of motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can be used together to maximize client outcomes.

  Chapters outline effective methods for integrating MI and CBT and show how these can be applied to clients in a diverse range of mental health, substance use and addiction, and correctional settings. Written in a clear and applicable style, the text features case studies, resources for skill development, and "Voices From the Field" sections, as well as chapters devoted to specific topics such as depression, anxiety, and more.

  Building on foundational frameworks for integrative practice, this is a valuable resource for counseling and psychotherapy practitioners looking to incorporate MI and CBT into their clinical practices.

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  Abraham Low

  Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Dr. Abraham Low (1891–1954) was a Jewish-American psychiatrist and a pioneer in the treatment of mental disorders through self-help programs. He is known for founding Recovery, Inc., a self-help organization that is designed, in part, to fight against the stigma of mental illness. Dr. Low criticized the work of Freud, rejecting the psychoanalytic doctrine both as a therapeutic technique and ideology. He affirmed his belief that human conduct is not a result of unconscious drives but rather directed by personal will.

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  Forms of Parenting

  Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Parenting styles represent the different strategies that parents use when raising their children. Clinical and developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind believed there were two basic dimensions to parenting: warmth and control. Baumrind identified three parenting styles: Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles based on these two dimensions. Her work was later expanded by Maccoby and Martin to include neglectful parenting.

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  Groups and Development

  Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Peer interactions often occur in groups. Children spend an increasing amount of time in these groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with each other around playsets, although these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as though they are true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social impact than others.

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  Social Groups and Development

  Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Children spend an increasing amount of time in social groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with their peers around playsets, though at this stage, these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social impact than others.

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  Social Rejection

  Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  People conform to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection. It is believed that people carry a strong, instinctive need to form social bonds and avoid the consequences of rejection. Even individuals who prefer to be alone still tend to have a few close friends. Rejection is one of the main obstacles faced by many individuals in their attempts to fulfill this need. Being rejected by social groups can be distressing to the individual, as the consequences of rejection can be catastrophic. However, those who feel rejected can also behave in a manner that can either strengthen their remaining social bonds or that aims to create new ones.

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  Singlehood

  Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Singlehood is defined as a state of being unmarried, either with or without a partner. For some singlehood is a choice to remain unmarried as an adult, or it can be a stage that is passed through temporarily when a spouse dies, or even when an adult is between partners. Singlehood is experienced differently depending on which of those groups a person finds themselves in or chooses to be part of. The experience is also varied by a person’s cultural and ethnic heritage. People in both the married group and the unmarried group are able to identify benefits and drawbacks to being in their respective group. Often times they also fantasize about being in the other group. Whichever the case may be, singlehood can be both rewarding and frustrating, enlightening and lonely. However, some would say the same about marriage.

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  Juvenile delinquency: Theory, trends, risk factors and interventions

  Tom D. Kennedy, David B. Detullio, and Danielle Horrigan Millen

  This brief explores the current theories, trends, risk factors, and intervention efforts related to juvenile crime. Although arrest rates for juveniles in the US have declined over the last two decades, the amount of severe crimes warrants increased examination as the US reports higher rates than most other developed countries. The authors examine individual, family, and environmental risk and protective factors for juvenile crime, while considering the need for better integration of treatment into critically at-risk areas of the community. Covering notable topics of interest for researchers and public policy makers alike, this brief provides an overview of factors and trends related to juvenile crime, aiming to support more effective, evidence-based treatment and prevention.

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  Andreas Demetriou

  Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Andreas Demetriou was born August 15th, 1950 in Stongylo, Famagusta, Cyprus. Demetriou attended the University of Thessaloniki and obtained a Ph.D. in psychology in 1983. After completing his doctoral degree he was a professor of developmental and educational psychology at the University of Thessaloniki until 1996. Demetriou then became a professor at the University of Cyprus, serving in various leadership positions from 1996 to 2008, including chairing the Department of Educational Science and serving as dean for the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and dean of the School of Social Sciences and Sciences of Education. He also became the founding president of the Interim Governing Board of the Cyprus University of Technology.