Follow

• 

  Dependent Care

  Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The term dependent care is an umbrella for several types of care regarding family members. One can be the caretaker for disabled children, disabled adult children, or elderly parents. It is expected of parents to perform a supportive role to make sure that children get the services they need from the appropriate health care professionals. Caring for children is only made more difficult when the child, or one of the children has a disability. It is becoming common practice for children with disabilities to be cared for at home in developing countries. Where the complex medical and physical needs of the child can be met in an environment that reduces the chance of disrupting the child’s life.

• 

  Adopted Children

  Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles K. Golden

  Excerpt

  Adoption is the legal transfer of parental rights and responsibilities over the care of a child from the birth parents to other adult(s), who will then raise the child. The adoption of children by non-biologically-related adults has a long and complicated history in both the United States and around the world. Over time awareness of adopted individuals, adoptive families, and birth parents and families has increased; all three groups known as the adoption triad, or adoption kinship network.

• 

  Nursing Homes

  Julian Garcia, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Nursing homes are a type of residential care that typically provide continual nursing care for elderly people. Residential care refers to long-term care given to either adults or children who stay in a residential setting rather than their own home. Individuals who benefit most from nursing homes are those who do not need to be in a hospital but cannot live independently or be cared for at home. While nursing homes are most typically associated with the elderly, younger adults with different physical or mental disabilities may also benefit from them. The services at nursing homes often vary depending on the type of nursing home but services often include: room and board, medication monitoring, assistance with personal care, around the clock emergency care, and social and recreational activities.

• 

  Lifespan Construct

  Meghan Gilmore, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Susan K. Whitbourne’s (1985) lifespan construct derives from her identity theory. Lifespan construct is a combined sense of past, present, and future events that are connected by their common occurrence to the individual. Cognitive-affective schemata are part of building this construct and shape the way adults approach identity-discrepant experiences. Cognition is the organizer of the experiences, and all events are measured against these experiences. The affective aspect is the individual’s evaluation of events that lead to positive or negative feelingstates.

• 

  Contextual Trauma Therapy: Overcoming Traumatization and Reaching Full Potential

  Steven N. Gold

  This book weaves together clinical insights, research findings, a cohesive theoretical model, and a detailed account of how to implement the components of contextual trauma therapy, a form of treatment specifically designed for survivors of complex traumatization.

  Contextual trauma therapy draws on a unique premise: that many survivors suffer not just from multiple traumatic events, but also from the consequences of childhood developmental deprivation. They have not only repeatedly encountered trauma and violence, but also have been denied some of the most fundamental interpersonal resources that all children require.

  Author Steven Gold guides readers through the process of forming collaborative relationships with patients who may lack confidence in any social connection, fostering sound judgment and reasoning in clients who grew up with capricious and unpredictable caretakers, and transmitting capacities that promote not only resolution to traumatization, but also a foundation for a gratifying and productive adult life.

• 

  Person Perception in Childhood and Adolescence, W.J. Lively and D.B. Bromley, 1973

  William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Prior to the early 1970s little was known about how children viewed others. Previous research had focused on the types of thoughts children had about others, rather than how they arrived at and how to categorize these impressions. Additionally, it was assumed that understanding the development of impression formation in childhood would prove useful for understanding impression formation in adulthood.

• 

  Social Exchange Theory

  William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Exchange theory originated in the field of sociology in the 1920s. However, since the late 1950s and early 1960s, social exchange theory has been a major school of thought in the field of both social psychology and sociology. This is largely due to the work of George Homans, John Thibaut, Harold Kelley, and Peter Blau. Social exchange theory describes all human interactions as a series of trades or exchanges of rewards between actors.

• 

  Empty Nest Syndrome

  Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Empty nest is a stage in development when children leave the parental home, thus leaving it “empty.” This stage occurs when children are at the age or point in life where they are ready to become independent and create a life of their own. Parents have various reactions to this change. Many parents look forward to this transition and view it as a highly positive event, while others have a more difficult time and deal with what is commonly called the “empty nest syndrome.” Empty syndrome is typically considered a maladaptive reaction to this transition, however this significant phase of life is considered to be a normal developmental event and leaving the home is a natural process of becoming an adult. Parents typically expect their children to leave the home in order to become independent and continue on with their development into adulthood.

• 

  Emotional Expression in Children

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The development of emotional expression begins from the time an infant bonds with his or her caregiver. Establishing this bond occurs through both the caregiver expressing her feelings to the child and understanding the emotions expressed by the infant. This communication is almost exclusively non-verbal for a long period of time, which requires understanding of and ability to express emotions via facial expressions and vocal inflections. Infants use non-verbal communication to express needs and wants, and the caregiver’s ability to respond to these expressions appropriately is essential to establishing emotional bonds and a confidence in the ability to have one’s emotional expressions understood by others. Evidence suggests that when infants display emotional expression in non-verbal manners, mothers experience neural activation of mirror neurons, specifically in regions of the brain associated with empathy. This research likely indicates that not only seeing, but also mimicking the expressed emotion, establishes an understanding between the infant and mother. Having a strong connection early on allows the infant to begin to develop comprehension of emotional expression which sets the stage for use of this when they become verbal.

• 

  Friendship Among Children

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Friendships in childhood are essential to overall development, beyond having someone to socialize with. Research suggests that friendships in children can help mitigate psychopathology, can be considered protective factors against being bullied and acting as a bully, and help with developing strong cultural competence. Aspects of friendships such as quality and intimacy of the relationship, as well as quantity of friends have been investigated for their importance in moderating many of these factors. Lack of friendships can lead to both short-term and long-term challenges for children, such as loneliness and feeling isolated from peers, anxiety and other internalizing disorders, and potential school difficulties overall. Considering the benefits of having significant friendships and the risks associated with not having stable friendships, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which friendships impact children and their development.

• 

  Perspective Taking Stages

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Perspective taking is the ability to gain an understanding of how another person is thinking or feeling about an event based on the information which is available. Learning to understand the perspective of another person is an ability that develops over childhood through many stages. Typically, this concept is first grasped by school age, or around 6 to 7 years of age. There are multiple types of perspectives that can be taken as well, including physical or visual perspective, affective perspective, cognitive perspective, or perspective of communication. Each of these types is important for social behaviors and the ability to interact with and connect with other people. Perspective taking allows an individual to differentiate his or her own thoughts and feelings about an event from other people’s, which in turn, allows for an understanding of the presence of multiple opinions of events and topics. This differentiation also requires the understanding of first-person versus third-person perspective.

• 

  Word Learning Rules in Children

  Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The ability to learn new words requires the use of numerous cognitive functions. It is expected that from the time a child begins speaking around 12 months of age to about six years old, children learn approximately 14,000 words (Templin, 1957 as cited in Brady & Goodman, 2014). From an early age, children are exposed to the language used around them and slowly develop their own use of language through recognition of objects, combination of phonemes, and memorization of visual and auditory stimuli. In order to successfully master language and learn new words, a child must integrate these processes to not only develop a word, but also understand its meaning and store it in long term memory. This is, in part, accomplished through the phonological loop, which identifies the connection between the stored phonological information as well as the visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli with which it is associated.

• 

  A Closer Look at Juvenile Homicide: Kids Who Kill

  Katelyn A. Hernandez, Sara Ferguson, and Thomas D. Kennedy

  This book focuses on the small but disturbing percentage of homicides by children that occur each year, providing a brief overview of the legal, individual, and social aspects of this phenomenon. Since the 1980s, these crimes have been on the rise and the resulting legal response has been harsher punishments as well as treatment of children like adults. This has led to a host of failures in the juvenile justice system wherein recidivism is high and general outcome is low. The book reviews the literature on youth homicide, including gender, age, and race factors, as well as individual, familial, and environmental risks. The authors seek to aid in the identification and understanding of juvenile homicide to raise awareness of both a population that receives little formal psychological intervention and of the systemic deficiencies that affect these individuals as well as society itself. Exploring current theories, trends, and common factors in juvenile homicide, this brief aims to improve prevention, intervention, and reintegration of young offenders into the community.

• 

  Facilitating Health Behavior Change Using Motivational Interviewing

  Kimberly Sobell Heugele, Linda C. Sobell, and Mark B. Sobell

• 

  Ecological Systems Approach in Sociology

  Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Sociology as a philosophy is highly concerned with the collaboration of the environment and how the environment’s transactions with the individual affect one another. The Ecological Systems theory, as it is known today, speaks on the interaction between different sociological environments and how it affects the developing individual. Thanks to the work of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, in the United Kingdom, alongside Paul Kellogg in the United States, there is a better understanding about how an individual affects their environment and vice versa. Their work, specifically their research in assessing the needs of low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals in urban communities, led to the creation of the systems theory and its research.

• 

  The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961

  Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  The Looking Chamber Experiment refers to a series of studies performed by Robert Fantz in 1961. Before the work of Fantz, little research was conducted on infant perception. There was presupposition that infants held the ability to perceive light, color and movement, yet, lacked the ability to respond to complex stimulus (i.e. shape, pattern, size, or solidity). Fantz and his colleagues were specifically interested in finding the degree in which babies can perceive form to categorize their current environment. They created their research techniques on past observational studies with chicks and chimpanzees. To look at the visual abilities of infants, researchers followed eye activity to examine the way infants recognize different forms and their preference, if any.

• 

  Word Learning Styles

  Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Language acquisition is the way that humans learn and attain their spoken language. Infants are biologically equipped to attain four aspects of language. These include phonology, semantics, grammar, and pragmatics. The earliest acquired language begins with phonology, attained as early as three months and make rapid progressions to conversational language by four years of age.

• 

  Midlife Physical Changes

  Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Aging occurs at different rates in individuals. These rates are influenced by factors including genetics, lifestyle, and health. Midlife is considered to be the central period of one’s life, consisting of individuals who are approximately 45 to 65 years of age, although some researchers suggest midlife consists of individuals who are 40 to 65 years of age. There are a variety of changes that occur throughout life. However, a majority of the changes that occur during midlife are considered to be normative physical changes. The physical changes in midlife include but are not limited to changes in appearance, senses, muscles, joints, and organs.

• 

  Widowhood

  Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Widowhood is defined as the state or period of being a widow or widower. A widow is a female whose spouse has died, while a widower is a male whose spouse has died. Although both men and women are likely to experience widowhood, research indicates that women are more likely to be widowed than men. Research suggests there are two main reasons why women are more likely to be widowed. First, women in average live longer than men. The second reason consists of the idea that women tend to marry older men. (Now that the USA and many other countries have allowed same-sex marriages, there may be some changes in the current patterns.)

• 

  Mental Models in Children

  Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, and Charles J. Golden

  Excerpt

  Researchers in the area of child psychology have taken an interest in how children revise their understanding of the world. Stella Vosniadou and William Brewer (1991) postulated a theory called mental models, which provides insight into how genuine understanding is attained. The postulated mental models are created and then tested to build up one’s understanding of how the world works. Additionally, this theory implies there may be points in time where there is some understanding of a concept, yet it is still incomplete. Vosniadou and Brewer wanted to explore these intermediate mental models and develop evidence of understanding in progress. Experiment