Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations

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Date of Award

1-1-2026

Document Type

Dissertation - NSU Access Only

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution

First Advisor

Neil Katz

Keywords

Conflict Resolution Studies Global Conflict International Relations

Abstract

Abstract Since the Arab Spring of 2011, Libya has been a focal point for non-mandated external interventions – some aimed at achieving peace, others driven by geopolitical and material interests. This study begins with the overthrow of longtime dictator Muammer Gadaffi, continues through the conflicts of the transitional period, and ends with the 2021 peace deal. It explores the impact of non-mandated external interventions on the work of the United Nations’ mandated mission (UNSMIL), tasked with supporting the establishment of peace in Libya, as well as on the complex social and political dynamics that have long shaped Libya’s landscape. Addressing this complexity required several theoretical perspectives, notably, the contrasting theories of liberalism and realism, to help explain the tension between normative goals and the strategic interests of external actors. Drawing on an extensive literature review, the study built a qualitative case study, centered on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including international diplomats, Libyan officials, and local leaders. The research demonstrates that military interventions by external actors, notably Qatar and Russia, have exacerbated political fragmentation in Libya. The resulting violence, in turn, undermined UNSMIL’s peacebuilding efforts. The research offers insights that may fill critical knowledge gaps related to empirical realities in the field of peacebuilding. It endeavors to enhance scholarly understanding, inform policy processes, and contribute to more effective peacebuilding strategies, both internationally and in Libya’s ongoing effort to achieve comprehensive conflict transformation and sustainable peace.

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