The Influence of Groundwater Inputs and Age on Nutrient Dynamics in a Coral Reef Lagoon

Authors

Douglas R. Tait, Southern Cross University - Australia
Dirk V. Erler, Southern Cross University - Lismore, Australia
Isaac R. Santos, Southern Cross University - Australia
Tyler Cyronak, Southern Cross University - Lismore, AustraliaFollow
Uwe Morgenstern, GNS Sciences - New Zealand
Bradley D. Eyre, Southern Cross University - Lismore, Australia

ORCID

0000-0003-3556-7616

Document Type

Article

Publication Title

Marine Chemistry

ISSN

0304-4203

Publication Date

11-20-2014

Keywords

Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Eutrophication, Tritium, Permeable carbonate sand, Radon

Abstract

Tritium dating of groundwater and a radon mass balance was used to assess the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to a nutrient budget in a tropical reef lagoon (Rarotonga, Cook Islands). Open ocean exchange accounted for the largest percentage of potential lagoon exports (nitrogen (N) = 61%, phosphorous (P) = 22%) with N export mostly in the form of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) (93% of total N). SGD accounted for 29% and 11% of exported N and P respectively. Overall we could account for 92% of dissolved N but only 36% of dissolved P leaving the lagoon. However, if DON is assumed to be recalcitrant, SGD would be the major driver of lagoon N and would account for 81% of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) inputs and 47% of DIN exported form the lagoon. A small scale (~ 50 m), high definition survey indicated areas of higher NH4+ towards the middle of the lagoon. This is indicative of SGD input away from the seepage face and may mean that SGD measurements made at the beach face underestimate the broader contribution of SGD to nutrient fluxes. Time series observations during a 100 mm rain event indicated that these episodes can deliver high nutrient loads to the lagoon and may contribute to closing the phosphorous budget. Analysis of tritium concentrations in groundwater, surface waters and springs showed that old, deep groundwater (10–93 years old) was the main source of SGD derived nutrients to the lagoon. This study demonstrates that there may be a long time lag between nutrient infiltration into aquifers and the discharge of nutrient loaded groundwater into the lagoon. As such, potential mitigation measures which decrease terrestrial nutrient loads may not result in decreased SGD nutrient fluxes for decades to come.

DOI

10.1016/j.marchem.2014.08.004

Volume

166

Issue

20

First Page

36

Last Page

47

Comments

©2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Additional Comments

ARC Linkage project #: LP100200732; Australian Agency for International Development's Australian Development Research Award #: 0800258

NSUWorks Citation

Douglas R. Tait, Dirk V. Erler, Isaac R. Santos, Tyler Cyronak, Uwe Morgenstern, and Bradley D. Eyre. 2014. The Influence of Groundwater Inputs and Age on Nutrient Dynamics in a Coral Reef Lagoon .Marine Chemistry , (20) : 36 -47. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles/1020.