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  Dicarboxylic Acid

  Shuchi Patel and Mayur S. Parmar

  Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain two functional carboxylic acid (–COOH) groups. Industrially, they are important in producing polyester, polyols, polyamides, and nylon and as a precursor to active pharmaceutical ingredients and additives. Dicarboxylic acids are important water-soluble components of atmospheric aerosols. Succinic, adipic, and glutaric acid may be harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. All these acids alone or in combination do not show any mutagenic effect. Some of the dicarboxylic acids (sebacic acid) have been advocated to have an anti-hyperglycemic effect, whereas analysis of serum-free fatty acids from patients with Reye's syndrome (acute encephalopathy with visceral steatosis syndrome) had revealed the presence of dicarboxylic acids in over half of the patients' total free fatty acids; both medium-chain (6–12 carbon lengths) and long-chain (14–18 carbon lengths) dicarboxylic acids were identified in such studies. Malathion, a well-known organophosphate pesticide, was previously marketed as malathion dicarboxylic acid, is fetotoxic and toxic to infants and children.

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  [Chapter 3] Economic Analyses in Diabetes and Diabetes Treatment

  Alexandra Perez, Albert Wertheimer, and Andrea Levin

  [Book Description]

  Navigate the complex world of healthcare economics with "Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Practice." As the healthcare landscape evolves at an unprecedented pace and the cost of novel treatments continues to escalate, the need for a robust understanding of pharmacoeconomics in clinical settings has never been more vital.

  This book provides a comprehensive exploration of pharmacoeconomics, breaking down the cost-minimization, cost-effectiveness, and the economic and budget impact of medical treatments. Designed to enable informed decision-making among clinicians, healthcare administrators, and policy makers, it plays a crucial role in managing resources and selecting the most appropriate and efficient treatments for patients.

  "Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Practice" goes beyond the theoretical aspects of the field. Through practical examples from a variety of therapeutic areas such as cardiovascular, diabetes, and cancer, it illuminates the real-world application of pharmacoeconomic principles in everyday clinical practice.

  The ultimate aim of this book is to enhance patient outcomes, optimize resource allocation, and reduce healthcare costs by providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of pharmacoeconomics. As healthcare systems worldwide strive to deliver top-quality care within budgetary constraints, this knowledge is indispensable.

  "Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Practice" covers the fundamentals of the discipline and presents an array of methods and tools for assessing the cost-effectiveness of medical interventions. Moreover, it delves into the practical application of pharmacoeconomics, focusing on the challenges and opportunities clinicians encounter when incorporating pharmacoeconomic evaluations into their decision-making processes.

  An essential resource for clinicians, pharmacists, healthcare administrators, and policy makers, this book is key to developing a nuanced understanding of pharmacoeconomics and its role in shaping future healthcare systems. By laying a solid foundation of pharmacoeconomic principles and demonstrating their practical application, this book provides you with the tools and knowledge necessary to make informed decisions about the cost-effectiveness and value of various treatment options. Ultimately, it empowers you to improve patient care and outcomes in this age of increasing healthcare complexity and fiscal constraint.

  Whether you're a healthcare professional seeking to expand your knowledge or a policy maker working towards a more sustainable healthcare system, "Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Practice" is an invaluable tool in your journey.

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  Antifungal agents

  Gina Bertelli, Monica Sciturro, and Sidhartha D. Ray

  Fungi are a diverse, heterogeneous group of eukaryotes, serving as friend and foe of humans for centuries. Since ancient times, fungi have been used in food and beverage-making processes and, more recently, have been used for diverse antibiotics production. Fungal infections, or mycoses, are usually classified by the area of the body primarily affected, such as, superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, opportunistic mycoses, and systemic mycoses. Immunosuppression in general population is not uncommon due to diverse drug and chemical exposures, which has led to increased incidence of invasive fungal diseases. Inadequate antifungal armamentarium, compounded by drug-drug interactions, toxicity, and misc. constraints in administration routes are ongoing challenges for the medical community. The morbidity and mortality caused by invasive fungal infections are increasing across the globe due to increased incidence of community-acquired and nosocomial fungal infections, frequent use of immunomodulatory agents, and the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains. It has become a top priority for the academia and pharmaceutical industries to discover and develop new antifungal agents to be able to combat drug resistance, and at the same time possess potential broad spectrum of activity with minimum toxicity. Efforts in the past few decades have yielded several classes of antifungal drugs with diverse formulations. Some of the noted antifungal agents are listed here: Anidulafungin, Amorolfine, Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Ciclopirox, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Flucytosine, Griseofulvin, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Micafungin, Miconazole, Naftifine, Nystatin, Pimaricin, Posaconazole, Terbinafine, and Terconazole, which are extensively used in medicine.

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  Narrative Analysis

  Erline V. Nakano and Jackie Hinckley

  [Book Description]

  Qualitative research enriches the field of communication disorders because it has the potential to explore client experience and clinician expertise, so crucial in evidence-based practice, and complements the knowledge gained using quantitative methods.

  This book extends the foundational knowledge provided in Qualitative Research in Communication Disorders (2019) by going deeper into data analysis methods. Contributions from researchers worldwide will explain and illustrate, through case studies, various qualitative data analysis methods. Well established, commonly-used data analysis methods are included, as well as new and innovative methods emerging in other disciplines which have great applicability to speech and language therapy research. As well as describing and illustrating analysis methods, the book will describe how to achieve rigour in using the various methods of data analysis. There will also be discussion on ways in which qualitative analysis lends itself not only to research but also quality improvement and evaluations in clinical practice.

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  Corticosteroids

  Inderbir Padda and Mayur S. Parmar

  Corticosteroids are among the most widely prescribed drug classes globally. The corticosteroid market is projected to be worth more than USD 10 billion annually. Corticosteroids, which include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are synthetic analogs of the natural steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids are predominantly influence cellular metabolism and have immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and vasoconstrictive effects, whereas mineralocorticoids regulate electrolytes and water balance by affecting ion transport in the epithelial cells of the renal tubules. They are used to treat conditions such as: asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hay fever, urticaria (hives) atopic eczema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), painful and inflamed joints, muscles and tendons, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica and multiple sclerosis (MS). Corticosteroids can also be used to replace certain hormones that are not being produced by the body naturally—for example, in people with Addison's disease. However, long-term use of corticosteroids leads to serious and disabling toxic effects. Few of them are listed here: elevated ocular pressure (glaucoma), cataracts formation, round face (moon face), high blood sugar (can trigger or worsen diabetes), increased risk of microbial infections, thinning of bones (osteoporosis), suppression of hormone production by the adrenals (that can result in severe fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and muscle weakness, thinning of skin, bruising and slower wound healing). The most effective way to combat toxic situations is to withdraw the medication, and provide supportive care with adequate medical consultation.

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  Narratives

  Jacqueline Hinckley

  [Encyclopedia Description]

  The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders is an in-depth encyclopedia aimed at students interested in interdisciplinary perspectives on human communication—both normal and disordered—across the lifespan. This timely and unique set will look at the spectrum of communication disorders, from causation and prevention to testing and assessment; through rehabilitation, intervention, and education.
  
  Examples of the interdisciplinary reach of this encyclopedia:

  • A strong focus on health issues, with topics such as Asperger's syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, anatomy of the human larynx, dementia, etc.
  • Including core psychology and cognitive sciences topics, such as social development, stigma, language acquisition, self-help groups, memory, depression, memory, Behaviorism, and cognitive development
  • Education is covered in topics such as cooperative learning, special education, classroom-based service delivery

  The editors have recruited top researchers and clinicians across multiple fields to contribute to approximately 640 signed entries across four volumes.

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  [Chapter 10] Selecting, Combining, and Bundling Different Therapy Approaches

  Jackie Hinckley

  [Book Description]

  Aphasia Rehabilitation: Clinical Challenges focuses on specific aphasia symptoms and clinical issues that present challenges for rehabilitation professionals. Contributed by experts in the field, each chapter presents a clinically relevant topic in detail while blending theoretical concepts with practical clinical applications.

  Part One provides in-depth coverage of complex aphasia symptoms and offers guidance for clinical implementation. Each topic is introduced with a review of contemporary literature followed by examples of problem-solving activities for treating patients with such symptoms. Part Two addresses clinical and service delivery issues that are at the forefront of modern clinical aphasiology and discusses how to implement them in daily clinical work. Key topics include evidence-based treatment, intensive treatment, and promoting patient motivation.

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  [Chapter 23] A Focus on Life Participation

  Jackie Hinckley and Audrey L. Holland

  [Book Description]

  The Handbook of Adult Language Disorders is the essential guide to the scientific and clinical tenets of aphasia study and treatment. It focuses on how language breaks down after focal brain damage, what patterns of impairment reveal about normal language, and how recovery can be optimally facilitated. It is unique in that it reviews studies from the major disciplines in which aphasia research is conducted—cognitive neuropsychology, linguistics, neurology, neuroimaging, and speech-language pathology—as they apply to each topic of language. For each language domain, there are chapters devoted to theory and models of the language task, the neural basis of the language task (focusing on recent neuroimaging studies) and clinical diagnosis and treatment of impairments in that domain. In addition, there is broad coverage of approaches to investigation and treatment from leading experts, with several authors specializing in two or more disciplines. This second edition focuses on characterizing the cognitive and neural processes that account for each variant of aphasia as a first step toward developing effective rehabilitation, given that aphasia is one of the most common and disabling consequences of stroke.

  The best and most authoritative handbook in the field, The Handbook of Adult Language Disorders is the definitive reference for clinicians and researchers working in the scientific investigation of aphasia.

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  Phenomenology

  Jacqueline Hinckley

  [Book Description]

  This volume provides a comprehensive and in-depth handbook of qualitative research in the field of communication disorders. It introduces and illustrates the wide range of qualitative paradigms that have been used in recent years to investigate various aspects of communication disorders.

  The first part of the Handbook introduces in some detail the concept of qualitative research and its application to communication disorders, and describes the main qualitative research approaches. The contributions are forward-looking rather than merely giving an overview of their topic. The second part illustrates these approaches through a series of case studies of different communication disorders using qualitative methods of research.

  This Handbook is an essential resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and practitioners, in communication disorders and related fields.

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  Dicarboxylic Acid

  Mayur S. Parmar

  Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain two functional carboxylic acid (–COOH) groups. Industrially, they are important in production of polyester, polyols, polyamides, and nylon and as a precursor to active pharmaceutical ingredients and additives. Dicarboxylic acids are important water-soluble components of atmospheric aerosols. Succinic, adipic, and glutaric acid may be harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. All these acids alone or in combination do not show any mutagenic effect. Some of the dicarboxylic acids (sebacic acid) have been advocated to have anti-hyperglycemic effect, whereas analysis of serum free fatty acids from patients with Reye's syndrome (acute encephalopathy with visceral steatosis syndrome) had revealed the presence of dicarboxylic acids in over half of the patients' total free fatty acids; both medium-chain (6–12 carbon lengths) and long-chain (14–18 carbon lengths) dicarboxylic acids were identified in such studies. Malathion, a well-known organophosphate pesticide, was previously marketed as Malathion dicarboxylic acid, is fetotoxic and toxic to infants and children.

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  Methylglyoxal

  Mayur S. Parmar

  Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive α-dicarbonyl, and may be the most important reactive aldehyde that is primarily generated endogenously in cells and exogenously due to autoxidation process. Interestingly, diabetes was the first disease in which evidence emerged for the increased formation of MG in the body. MG is also a major precursor of advanced glycation end products. It has the ability to enhance protein glycation, oxidative stress, or inflammation, in addition to exerting a toxic effect on insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. It is a toxic by-product of glycolysis and many other metabolic pathways. It has been suggested that MG culminates in cytotoxic effects via reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. In mammalian cells, this reactive metabolite is detoxified via the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway forming d-lactate, involving lactoylglutathione lyase (GLO1; EC 4.4.1.5) and hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (GLO2; EC 3.2.1.6). Methylglyoxal has been identified as the dominant antibacterial constituent of manuka honey. MG is used in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning leather. Exposure routes include endogenous formation in the body, ingestion, and inhalation.

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  [Chapter 10] Supporting Communication with Partner Training

  Jacqueline Hinckley, Natalie M. Douglas, Rachel A. Goff, and Erline V. Nakano

  [Book Description] This comprehensive text arms SLPs and other service providers with research-based strategies, supports, and technologies that improve outcomes for adults with chronic or acute aphasia.

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  [Chapter 4] Attention: architecture and process

  Thomas H. Carr and Jacqueline Hinckley

  [Book Description] This new graduate level textbook, Cognition and Acquired Language Disorders: An Information Processing Approach, addresses the cognitive aspects of language and communication. It assembles the most recent information on this topic, addressing normal cognitive processing for language in adults, the cognitive impairments underlying language disorders arising from a variety of neurologic conditions, and current assessment and treatment strategies for the management of these disorders. The text is organized using an information processing approach to acquired language disorders, and thus can be set apart from texts that rely upon a more traditional, syndrome-based approach (e.g., stroke, dementia, and traumatic brain injury). This approach facilitates the description and treatment of acquired language disorders across many neurologic groups when particular cognitive deficits are identified. Other useful features of the text include assessment and treatment protocols that are based on current evidence. These protocols provide students and clinicians a ready clinical resource for managing language disorders due to deficits in attention, memory, linguistic operations, and executive functions.