Department of Nutrition Student Projects

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Submission Date

1-27-2026

Document Type

Capstone

Degree Name

Master of Nutrition Science (MS)

First Mentor

Karima Alabasi, Ph.D.

Keywords

GLP-1 receptor agonists, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists, semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide, obesity, weight loss, nutrition, nutrient deficiencies, adverse events

Abstract

Abstract

Background:

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GIP/GLP-1 RAs) have revolutionized obesity management, producing unprecedented weight loss outcomes. Their widespread use has outpaced research on nutritional implications, adverse events, and evidence-based guidance for dietitians. Given the central role of nutrition practitioners in supporting adults with obesity, understanding the mechanisms, risks, and nutrition-related outcomes of GLP-1 therapies is critical.

Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles on the topic of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) use and nutrition-related considerations in the management of, intervention, and care of adults with obesity. Key terms and Boolean operators were used in a variety of combinations throughout the search: “GLP-1 receptor agonist” OR “GIP/GLP-1” OR “ “glucagon-like peptide-1” OR “glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists” OR “incretin” OR “semaglutide” OR “liraglutide” OR “tirzepatide” AND “obesity” OR “weight loss” OR “overweight” AND “nutrition” OR “diet” OR “dietary intake” OR “nutrient deficiencies” OR “dietitian” OR “nutrition counseling” OR “adverse events.”

Results:

Across randomized controlled trials, GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 therapies produced mean weight losses ranging from 5% to over 20% of baseline body weight, with gastrointestinal side effects—nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea—reported in up to 75% of participants. Limited available data suggest that patients on GLP-1 therapy may fail to meet recommended intakes for fiber, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamins A, C, D, and E, and protein; however, comprehensively evaluated diet quality, nutrient adequacy, or long-term nutrition outcomes are yet to be investigated by researchers.

Conclusions:

Evidence underscores a pressing need for proactive nutrition support in patients treated with GLP-1–based pharmacotherapy. Registered dietitian nutritionists may play an essential role in mitigating nutrient deficiencies, preserving lean mass, and managing adverse gastrointestinal events. Further research is warranted to define standardized nutrition protocols and to optimize safety and long-term success in obesity management involving GLP-1 therapies.

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