Document Type

Book Chapter

Publication Date

4-25-2025

Keywords

adoption studies, age, better school performance, child, children, cognition, cognitive development, environment, exposure to language, genes, harsh punishment (punching/kicking/striking), home environments, intelligence, long-term effect, nonshared environment, nutrition, parenting, parenting styles, peers, prenatal influence, school engagement, shelter, stronger school engagement, teachers, twin studies, unique experiences, words spoken

Disciplines

Child Psychology | Developmental Psychology

Abstract

An adequate level of parenting—providing enough nutrition, shelter, exposure to language and peers, or not harshly punishing children (punching, kicking, striking with a weapon)—seems to not have a long-term effect on cognitive development in children. Twin and adoption studies have found that intelligence is accounted for almost entirely by genes and nonshared environment, which includes peers, teachers, and unique experiences. However, there are parenting styles and types of home environments that are correlated with better school performance, stronger school engagement, and more words spoken at certain ages.

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